Vocabulary

UNIT 13: FESTIVALS




III. GRAMMAR – NGỮ PHÁP:
1. Compound words (từ ghép)
Từ ghép có thể được thành lập bằng cách kết hợp danh từ với danh động từ.
Noun + gerund = compound noun
Rice cooking rice-cooking (việc nấu cơm)
Water fetching water-fetching (việc lấy nước)
Fire making fire-making (việc nhóm lửa)
Lorry driving lorry driving (việc lái xe tải)
Clothes washing clothes washing (việc giặt giũ)
Rice exporting Rice exporting (việc xuất khẩu gạo)
- Từ ghép có thể được dùng như danh từ hoặc tính từ bổ nghĩa cho danh từ.
Rice cooking is one of the three competitions.
We took part in the rice-cooking contest.
EXERCISE
FILL IN EACH GAP WITH ONE SUITABLE COMPOUND NOUN IN THE BOX.
bullfighting; ice skating; bird-watching; weight-lifting; water-fetching; air-conditioning; zebra crossing; window-shopping
1. My father likes ___________________________. He spends lots of hours watching the birds.
2. In ______________________________________, a traditional public entertainment in Spain, bulls are fought and usually killed in a bullring.
3. _________________________ is the activity of lifting heavy objects as a sport or as exercise.
4. She enjoys looking at goods displayed in shop windows, so she goes __________________________ very often.
5. __________________________________________________ is the activity of skating on ice.
6. In the ________________________________ contest, one person from each team has to run to the river to get water.
7. ____________________________ is a system that cools and dries the air in a building, room or vehicle cool.
8. Pedestrians must cross the street on ______________________________________________.
2. Causative Forms (thể sai khiến)
Thể sai khiến với have được dùng với nghĩa “nhờ, bảo, yêu cầu hoặc trả tiền cho ai làm điều gì đó.”
1. S + have + O (person) + verb (B.I) + O (thing)
2. S + have + O (thing) + V (PP)
I had my father cut my hair.
I had my laptop repaired yesterday.
* LƯU Ý: Trong thể bị động thì công thức số 1 là thể chủ động và công thức số 2 là dạng bị động.
S + have + O1 (person) + V (BI) + O2 (thing) ( S + have + O2 (thing) + PP
Active form: I had my father repair my bike yesterday.
Passive form: I had my bike repaired yesterday.
3. REPORTED SPEECH (lời nói gián tiếp)
Muốn đổi một câu trần thuật khẳng định hoặc phủ định từ trực tiếp sang gián tiếp ta phải:
a. Dùng động từ giới thiệu say và tell: say (that), tell sb (that). Động từ giới thiệu trong lời nói gián tiếp thường ở quá khứ và liên từ that có thể bỏ.
b. Đổi các đại từ hoặc tính từ sở hữu (nếu có) sao cho tương ứng với chủ ngữ hoặc tân ngữ ở mệnh đề chính.
c. Đổi thì của động từ thành thì quá khứ tương ứng:
DIRECT SPEECH
INDIRECT SPEECH

Present simple
Tom said, “I never eat meat.”
Past simple
Tom said (that) he never ate meat.

Present progressive
He said, ‘I’m waiting for Ann.”
Past progressive
He said he was waiting for Ann.

Present perfect
She said, “I’ve seen that film.”
Past perfect
She said she had seen that film.

Past simple
They said, “we came by car.”
Past simple/ Past perfect
They said they came/ had come by car.

Past progressive
He said, ‘I was sitting in the park at 8 o’clock.”
Past progressive/ Past perfect progressive
He said he was sitting/ had been sitting in the park at 8 o’clock.

Future simple
Judy said, ‘I’ll phone you.”
Future in the past
Judy said she would phone me.

Modal verbs:
+ can
She said, “you can sit there.”
+ may
Claire said, “I may go to Bali again.”
+ must = have to
He said, “I must finish this report.”
Modal verbs in the past
+ could
She said we could sit here.
+ might
Claire said she might go to Bali again.
+ must/ had to
He said he must/ had to finish this report.

d. Đổi một số tính từ và trạng từ:
DIRECT
INDIRECT

This (week)
That (week)

These
Those

Here
There

Now
Then; at that time

Today
That day

Yesterday
The day