Relative clause

Relative clauses
Relative pronouns:


Defining (Hạn định)
Defining and Non-defining

Subject
People
That
Who


Things

Which

Object
People
That / X
Who(m)


Things

Which

Posessive
People
Whose
Whose


Things
Whose / of which
Whose / of which

Relative adverbs: Why ; Where = in /at which ; When = at / on which
Có 2 loại mệnh đề quan hệ chính là: MĐQH hạn định và MĐQH ko hạn định
Defining (Hạn định): (thường ko có dùng cặp dấu phẩy ngăn cách giữa các mệnh đề và nếu bỏ mệnh đề quan hệ đi chúng ta ko hiểu hết nghĩa đích thực mà những danh từ được MĐQH bổ nghĩa trước đó )
Ex1: The typhoon may damage the water pipes which supply our home.
Ex2: That is the house that I would like to buy. (nếu bỏ phần in nghiêng đi ta ko hiểu the water pipes nào hay là the house nào).
Non-defining: (thường có dùng cặp dấu phẩy, MĐQH dùng để chú thích thêm thông tin cho danh từ đươc bổ nghĩa trước đó và nếu ko có MĐQH chúng ta vẫn có thể hiểu nghĩa chính của câu vì thường thì những danh từ được bổ nghĩa là danh từ riêng).
Ex1: The Thames, which flows through London, is a beautiful river.
Ex2: Mount Pinatubo, which is a volcano in the Philippines, erupted in 1991.
Ex3: That man, whose wife and children are away, seems very lonely.
Notes:
Khi có dấu phẩy thì không dùng “that”.
“that” có thể thay thế “who, whom , which “. Đặc biệt trong các trường hợp sau đây phải dùng “that” :
+ Khi đi sau các hình thức so sánh: ex: He was the most intelligent man that I have ever seen.
+ Khi đi sau: all, same, any, the first, the last, (it is; it was…..): ex: you are the only person that can help me.
+ Khi đi sau các đại từ bất định : anyone; nobody; something…..ex: He never says anything that is worth listening to.
+ Khi danh từ đi trước bao gồm cả người lẫn vật. ex: He talked of the people and the places that he had visited.
Rút gọn MĐQH: Ta có thể rút gọn MĐQH bằng cách sử dụng V-ing ở dạng chủ động hay V-ed ở dạng bị động và cũng có thể rút gọn bằng to + Vbare hay to +be + Vbare khi trong MĐQH có các động từ khiếm khuyết hoặc là trong cụm danh từ được thay thế có The first, the last …..v.v .
BÀi TẬP:
Use a relative pronoun / adverb to combine each pair of the sentences below:
The waitress was impolite and impatient. She served us.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
A bus goes to the airport. We are on that bus.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
You sent me a present. Thank you very much for it.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
This is the house. We often stay in this house in the summer.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
That was the time. He managed the enterprise at that time.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Charlie died in 1977. His films amused millions of people in the world.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Please post these letters. I wrote them this morning.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
The building is the church. Its tower can be seen from far.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
The reasons are basic grammatical ones. I’m scolded by the teacher for these reasons.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
The airport is the most modern one. We are going to arrive at this airport.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
She doesn’t want to speak to the cause. She divorced her husband for this cause.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
He doesn’t want to sell the house. He was born in this house.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
The teacher is Mr.Pike. we studied with him last year.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
The problem has been discussed in class. We are very interested in it.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Reduce the following relative clauses, using Participate Phrases or Infinitives
The man who teaches my son is my friend. …………………………...............................................................
We are driving on the road which was built in 1980. …………………………………………………………………………
I saw many houses that were destroyed by the storm. ………………………………………………………………………
Trains which leave from this station take an hour to get to London. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
The student who sits next to me is from China. …………………………………………………………………………………..
There are 2 letters which must be written today. ………………………………………………………………………………..
He gave me the magazine that I could read during the waiting time. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
He was the last man that was interviewed yesterday. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
The first person that arrives at the party will be given a small gift. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
There are some children who are playing in the backyard of the house. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………