Quy tắc chuyển từ lối nói trực tiếp sang gián tiếp

2.1. Quy tắc chuyển từ lối nói trực tiếp sang gián tiếp: lùi một thời
Simple present –> simple past Present progressive –> past progressive Present perfect –> past perfect Simple past –> past perfect Past progressive –> past perfect progressive Simple future –> would + V Can/may/must –> could /might/had to
2.2. Các chuyển đổi khác:
– Đại từ nhân xưng:
I –> he/she We –> they You –> I/ we (tân ngữ và tính từ sở hữu chuyển theo nhân xưng chủ ngữ)
– Trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn:
Here –> there This –> that these –> those
– Trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian:
Today –> that day Tomorrow –> the next day/ the following day Yesterday –> the day before/ the previous day Last week –> the week before/ the previous week the day after tomorrow –> in 2 days’ time the day before yesterday –> two days before. Now –> then Ago –> before
2.3. Các trường hợp không đổi thời
– Sự thật, sự việc luôn luôn đúng:
“the earth moves round the sun” he said. –> He said that the earth moves round the sun.
– Câu điều kiện loại II và III:
“If I were you, I would leave here” he said. –> He said that if he were me, he would leave there.
– Wish + past simple/ past perfect:
“I wish I lived in Da Nang”, he said. –> He said he wished he lived in Da Nang.
– Cấu trúc “it’s time somebody did something”:
“It’s time he woke up”, she said. –> She said it was time he woke up.
– Would/ should/ ought to/ had better/ used to không chuyển:
“ You’d better work hard” he said –> He said that I had better work hard.
2.4. Các cách chuyển đổi cơ bản A. Say that + a statement –> agree (đồng ý), refuse (từ chối), offer (đề nghị), promise (hứa), threaten + the infinitive (dọa)
“All right, I’ll help you” he said. –> He agreed to help me. “ Oh, no, I won’t come to your party”, he said. –> He refused to come to my party. “I’ll look for the cat for you tomorrow if you like” he said. –> He offered to look after the cat for me the next day if I liked. “I’ll visit your parents when I arrive there”, he said –> He promised to visit my parents when he arrived there. “I’ll sell the TV set if you keep on watching it all day”, said the father –> the father threatened to sell the TV set if he kept on watching it all day
B. Say that + a statement –> accuse …of (buộc tội), admit (thừa nhận), apologise for (xin lỗi), deny (từ chối), insist on + V-ing (khăng khăng)
“You stole the jewels” said the inspector –> the inspector accused her of stealing the jewels. “I’ve made the wall dirty” said one student. –> One student admitted making the wall dirty. “I’m sorry I’m late” she said. –> She apologized for being late. “No, we didn’t enter the garden” said the boy. –> the boy denied entering my garden. “Certainly, I’ll buy that car for you”, said he. –> He insisted on buying me that car.
C. Say to somebody + a statement –> told somebody + that + clause
“I’ve finished all my homework”, he said to me. –> He told me that he had finished all his homework.
D. Say + a statement –> said that + clause
“I’m going to Hanoi tomorrow”, he said. –> He said that he was going to Hanoi the next day.
E. Statement with command, request, advice, invitation, offer –> advise, ask, beg, encourage, invite, order, tell, warn, remind…
“You’d better hurry”, he said. –> He advised me to hurry. “Post the letter for me, will you?”he said. –> He asked me to post the letter for him. “Make another try, please”, he said. –> He encouraged me to make another try “Don’t drive too fast”, he said. –> He warned me not to drive too fast. “Remember to close the door”, he said. –> He reminded me to close the door. “Don’t forget to come at 6 a.m tomorrow”, he said. –> He reminded to come at 6 a.m the next day.
F. Questions in indirect speech
– Thời