Những kỳ quan về xây dựng và kiến trúc của thế giới (tiếng Anh)

Engineering and Design
Created by:
Mrs. Diksa/Miss Santelli
What is Engineering?
The design, analysis and construction of works for practical purposes.
Engineers use a combination of math, science and experience to solve practical problems.
They create several solutions to problems and first present their ideas in the form of a model.
What happens next?
The models are presented to a team to be analyzed and questions are asked
How well does the design meet the need of those who will use it?
How much will it cost to build and how long will it take?
Is it safe?
Is it effective?
Many safety tests will be conducted on the model before a full scale project is initiated: simulations, destructive tests, non-destructive tests and stress tests
What kinds of problems have engineers solved?
Civil engineers have created foam walls to give the Indy 500 Speedway safer curves
Computer science engineers are working to create robots so tiny they might eventually fit INSIDE the human body
Chemical engineers are developing a spray-on skin that soldiers can use if wounded far from medical help
Mechanical engineering students have developed a bicycle that glows in the dark
What kinds of engineers are there?
Aerospace
Biomedical
Chemical
Civil
Computer
Electrical
Environmental
Mechanical
Nuclear
Software
Just to name a few…
In this unit you will be expected to…
Solve given problems by designing a solution, and often building models of your design
These models will be limited by both materials and time, just like engineers are
You will be required to accurately represent you designs on paper first
Often, your designs will be tested for their effectiveness.
This means that your designs must be carefully planed and researched and will require a high attention to detail when constructing.
Remember, trial and error will be important.
Engineering Through History:
A Sampling of Technology
Egyptian Pyramids
Some of the largest historical structures made by man! The oldest ones were built in about 2600 B.C.
1 of the 7 wonders of the world
Built without the wheel
Granite blocks (2.5 tons) dragged over sand on sleds by slaves and animals from quarry to construction site
The invention of the wheel, 1500 B.C.
First noticed that heavy objects moved with greater ease when something round was placed under it
Used logs first
The Great Wall of China – 3,948 miles long
Construction began in about 400 B.C. to provide protection on the northern boundaries of the Chinese Empire
1 of the 7 wonders of the world
Took 2000 years to build
15-30 ft thick
Largest building construction project ever
Can be seen from Earth’s orbit (but not the moon)
The Roman Aqueducts
Built between 312 B.C. and 226 A.D. to provide water to the Roman Empire (powered only by gravity!). They are nearly 260 miles long, but only about 29 miles are above ground.
Mostly underground to avoid contamination from sewage, dead animals and to avoid enemy poisoning
Purified water available to most through public fountains
The Roman Coliseum
Construction began between 70 and 72 A.D. to provide seating for 45000-50000 spectators.
Even Leonardo Da Vinci was an engineer! (1452-1519)
Eiffel Tower.

81 Stories high.

Built in 1889 as the World’s tallest structure (and maintained that title until 1930)
Made entirely of iron
Built for world’s fair
Later used for communication purposes
The Horseless carriage: Henry Ford’s first car, built in 1903.
1903 = date of prototype
2 speed transmission
20 HSP
Top speed of 45mph
The first effective airplane. Built by the Wright brothers in 1903.
Dr. Robert Goddard, 1926

The first rocket-achieved speeds of 550 mph
Sputnik, the first artificial satellite, put into orbit by Russia in 1957.
Size of a basketball
183 lbs
Took 98 min to circle Earth
The first practical cell phone. First demonstrated in 1973 by Motorola.
Current World’s 2nd Tallest in habited [highest ground to highest occupied floor] tower: Taipei 101, Taiwan.

Built in 2004, 101 stories, 1,671 ft. high.

Fastest double-decker elevators
Engineering & Design
Towers
What are some characteristics of stable towers?
Eiffel Tower
Location:
Paris, France

Completion Date:
1889

Height: 986 feet
World Trade Center
Location: New York, NY

Completion Date:
1972 (Tower One),
1973 (Tower Two)

Height:
1,368 feet (Tower One)
1,362 feet (Tower Two)

Stories: 110

Petronas Towers
Location:
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Completion Date: 1998

Height: 1,483 feet

Stories: 88

Shanghai World Financial Center
The World’s Tallest Building!
Location: Taipei, Taiwan

Completion Date: 2004

Height: 1,671 ft

Stories: 101

Tallest Building:
- To top inhabited floor
Sears Tower
Height: 1,730 feet

Stories: 110

Tallest Building:
- to top of antenna
Location:
Chicago, Illinois

Completion Date:
1973

Canadian National Tower
World’s Tallest Tower!
Location: Toronto, Canada

Completion Date: 1975

Height: 1,815 ft.

Tallest Free Standing Structure:
- to top of antenna
Towers
Ancient Towers were made of heavy stone: thick sturdy walls, no windows

The architectural development of buttresses allowed heavy weight to be supported and opened wall space for windows
Buttress: long stone arm
Towers and the
Industrial Revolution
Iron and steel used to create a building skeleton of vertical columns and horizontal beams to support the weight of the structure.
1857: 1st installation of a passenger elevator.
Building design
steel columns and beams are clustered in the tower’s core
This is typical where stairways and elevator shafts are located
must be tightened up so the entire building sways as one unit
Done by welding top and bottom of connection
Towers in the Wind: How do skyscrapers resist wind?

Technology: Wind Compensating Damper
a several hundred ton weight is kept on the top floors
movable via computer control
wind pushes building one way computer controls the damper to move the other way…REDUCES SWAYING!
Models and Scale Drawings
Models and Scale Drawings
In order to plan and design projects, we must first learn how to represent our ideas...
Models
Representation: 2-D (Dimensional) or 3-D
Used to plan and/or create
Intended as a guide for making something
Important because they help organize ideas, troubleshoot, maximize efficiency and utilize materials available properly
Scale
Ratio of the size of something and a representation of it.
Standards are used:
1/32” = 1 ft.
1/16” = 1ft
1/8” = 1ft

But a scale is arbitrary…just don’t forget to label your drawings!
As project size increases, scale decreases.
Domes
Domes
A curved structure with no angles and no corners
They enclose an enormous amount of space without the help of a single column!
Very strong and rigid.
Monolithic Dome
Earliest type
Early domes were made of stone, making them very heavy and limiting their height.
Series of rotated arches in a circle.
Curved walls push inward towards the center-holds dome in stable shape.
Ringed Dome
To ease the tension of the dome’s weight engineers tied several cast iron rings (tension rings) around the structure.
The iron rings greatly reduced the weight of the domes.
A monolithic dome supported with several cast iron rings
The sides of the arches of a heavy dome push outward. The tension rings prevent the dome walls from thrusting outward and collapsing.
Ringed Dome
Geodesic Domes
Geodesic Dome
Developed by R. Buckminster Fuller (Bucky) (1895-1983) during WWII
Built from a network of triangles, providing a means to “do more with less.”
Efficient and Economical
Design highly regarded as a possible means of solving the world housing shortage.
All triangles are squeezed with equal force in all directions
Geodesic Dome
Mr. Fuller believed in his design so much that he claimed that it was possible to enclose mid-town Manhattan in a 2-mile wide dome and claimed that the cost of the dome would pay for itself in only 10 years just from the savings in snow-removal costs.
Building a Geodesic Dome
Montreal Biosphere (By RBF)
The Climatron at the Missouri Botanical Gardens
The Eden Project (UK), opened in 2001
Epcot Center (Orlando, FL)
A Geodesic Dome as a House?
Bucky Ball (C60)
Bridge Design
Compression
Occurs on the top side of a bridge’s deck.
Caused by a force that causes the upper portion of the deck to shorten
Tension
Occurs on the lower portion of a bridge deck.
Since the top must shorten under force (compression) the bottom must lengthen, or stretch.
Compression and Tension always occur in pairs
Torsion
A rotational or twisting force.
This force is eliminated through the element of design in nearly all bridges with the exception of the suspension bridge.
Suspension bridges are build with a deck stiffening truss to fight torsion.
Check out the Ben Franklin Bridge!
Resonance
A vibration in something caused by an external force that is in harmony with the natural vibration of the original thing.
Travel through bridges in the form of waves
Think marching armies…
Resonance can destroy a Bridge
The Tacoma Narrows bridge is a famous example.
Completed in 1940
Cost $6.4 million
Covered 2,800 ft (about ½ mile)
Built to cross a water way
On the morning of November 7, 1940, the bridge experienced windy weather.
Winds reached speeds of 42 miles/hour
The winds caused resonance vibrations in the bridge
Someone even caught it on video!
Video
While there were motorists on the at the time, no lives were lost.
The Bridge Soon Collapsed
Why did this happen?
The bridge’s deck-stiffening truss was insufficient for the span.
The bridges width was too slender (only 8 people would been needed to lay across it)
The wind that day was just right…the perfect speed and angle to start resonating waves.
The bridge was rebuilt in 1950 with an open truss, allowing the wind to flow through the bridge, rather than block it.