Danh và ngoại động từ

Gerund and present gerund

Same form : V - ing


Function : different


Gerund
Present Gerund

Noun
Danh động từ có chức năng của 1 danh từ
Subject
Draining swamps needs a lot of money.
G N V
Object
+ object of a verb.
He enjoys reading science books.
+ object of a preposition.
That person only think about making money
He objects to being treated as a child
(object to : phản đối)
Subject complement
Her joy is helping the homeless and the helpless
Appositive (từ đồng vị/ đồng cách từ)
Few people realize the true happiness, bringing happiness to others.
Forming compound nouns (hình thành danh từ ghép).
Cooking – oil
Sleeping – pill
Child – rearing
Child – bearing
Town – planning
Verb
Dùng trong thì tiếp diễn
Be + V – ing
He is reading a book now.
We will be cutting down that tree next week.
Adjective
Dùng như một tính từ.
It’s an exciting film.
Boiling water turns into steam
Replacing a clause
Thay thế cho một mệnh đề (Mđ độc lập)
+ hai sự kiện xảy ra đồng thời có cùng chủ ngữ. 1 trong 2 mệnh đề có thể dung hiện phân từ để thay thế
He rides away and whistles merrily.
Riding away, he whistles merrily.
He rides away, whistling merrily.
+ sự kiện nối tiếp sự kiện cùng chủ ngữ thì sự kiện xảy ra trước dung hiện phân từ thay thế
He opened the box and took out the present
Opening the box, he took out the present
Khi chủ ngữ là một danh từ ta có 1 cách viết nữa
The hunter aimed the animal carefully and fired it.
C1- Aiming the animal carefully, the hunter fired it.
C2 - The hunter, aiming the animal carefully ,fired it.
+ Thay thế mệnh đề (Mđ phụ)
Mđ tính ngữ (khi đại từ quan hệ làm chủ ngữ)
The girl who is singing on TV is a famous singer.
The girl singing on TV is a famous singer.

The bridge which connects two villages is narrow
The bridge connecting two villages is narrow.
Mệnh đề trạng ngữ
Since he left school, he’s worked in a restaurant.
Leaving school, he’s worked in a restaurant
As he worked hard, he got ill.
Working hard, he got ill.
V + O + Ving
V: sit, stand, lie, come, run, be busy……
He sat staring at the photo of his father.
People ran screaming for help.
He sat on the chair reading a newspaper.
He spent all the money buying books.
There + be + noun + …..
There’s a man standing outside the room.



Some verbs are followed by gerund:
avoid
finish
keep
be good at
consider
like
mind
be interested in
delay
love
suggest
be afraid of
discuss
enjoy
stand
…

Verbs + to-infinitive
V + to-infinitive
He promised to lend me his bike but he forgot.
Some verbs are followed by to-infinitive:
decide
plan
hope
intend
promise
expect
agree
refuse


V + O + to-infinitive
The man told me to turn left to the nearest hotel.
Some verbs are followed by O + to-infinitive
tell
want
advise
remind
allow ask
encourage
force
expect
permit
► Note
 Some verbs can go with either gerund or to-inf
remember, forget + Gerund = remember / forget something that happened in the past.
remember, forget + to-inf = remember / forget to perform a duty.
Long never remembers to lock his bike.
Where’s my key? I remember giving it to you.
try + gerund = experiment with a new thing. (thử)
try + to-inf = make an effort (cố gắng)
I’ve lost my key. I tried opening the door with another key but it didn’t work.
Linh tried to work hard to support her family.
stop + gerund = stop something you are doing.
stop + to-inf = stop in order to do something.
The dog stopped eating because there was no meat left in the bowl.
The boys stopped to take a rest

Perfect gerund and perfect participle

Form : Having + Vp2
Dùng để diễn tả hành động xảy ra trước một hành động khác trong quá khứ
In spite of having learnt it carefully, he couldn’t remember it at all
Having done all the homework, he went to bed.


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