Cấu trúc tiếng anh cơ bản

Cấu trúc 1:
S + began / started + to V/ V-ing + (time) ago (bắt đầu làm gì) <=> S + have/has + V3/-ed/ been V-ing + for / since + …
Ví dụ: She began to learn English 4 years ago. => She has learned/ has been learning English for 4 years. Cấu trúc 2:
S + last + V2/-ed + [time] + ago: Lần cuối cùng làm gì <=> S + have/ has + not V3/-ed + for + (time) <=> It’s + [time] + since + S + last + V2/-ed. <=> The last time + S + V2/-ed + was + (time) + ago. <=> None/ nobody + has + V3/-ed + O + for/since + (time)
Ví dụ: It last rained 2 weeks ago. => It hasn’t rained for 2 weeks. => It’s 2 weeks since it last rained. => The last time it rained was 2 weeks ago. Cấu trúc 3:
This is the first time + S + have/has + V3/-ed: Lần đầu tiên làm gì <=> S + have/ has + never + V3/-ed + before. <=> S + have/ has + not + V3/-ed + before.
Ví dụ: This is the first time I have watched this film. => I have never watched this film before. => I haven’t watched this film before. Cấu trúc 4:
This is + the Superlative (the + adj. + -est | most adj. + N) S + have/has + V3/-ed. <=> S + have/ has + never + V3/-ed + such a/an + Adj. + N <=> S + have/ has never + V3-ed + a more + Adj. + N + than this.
Ví dụ: This is the most interesting book I have ever read. => I have never read such an interesting book. => I have never read a more interesting book than this. Cấu trúc 5:
S + Be/V + too + adj./adv. + (for someone) + to do something: Quá … để ai làm gì …
Ví dụ: He ran too fast for me to follow. Cấu trúc 6:
S + Be/V + so + adj/ adv + that + S + V + O: Quá … đến nỗi mà…
Ví dụ: The top shelf is so high that the children can not reach it. Cấu trúc 7:
S + Be/V + so + many/ much/ little/ few + N + that + S + V + O.
Ví dụ: She has so much work to do that she can not go out with her friends. Cấu trúc 8:
It + Be/V + such + a/an + Adj. + N(s) + that + S + V +O: Quá … đến nỗi mà …
Ví dụ: He was such a fast runner that I could not follow him. Cấu trúc 9:
S + Be/V + Adj./ Adv. + enough + (for someone) + to do something: Đủ … cho ai đó làm gì…
Ví dụ: She is too young to get married. => She isn’t old enough to get married. Lưu ý: Có thấy lấy tính từ trái nghĩa với tính từ trong cấu trúc too … to để thành lập cấu trúc enough … to Cấu trúc 10:
It’s + adj. (for someone) + to do something: Ai đó làm gì như thế nào? <=> Doing something + be+ Adj. (for someone) <=> S + find + V-ing/ it/ N + Adj. to do sth.
Ví dụ: It’s difficult for me to stay up late at night. => Staying up late at night is difficult for me. => I find staying up late at night in the morning difficult. => I find it difficult to stay up late at night. Với N: I find English interesting to study. Các cấu trúc liên quan đến câu gián tiếp: Câu đề nghị:
SUGGEST Shall we + V … | Let’s + V … | How/ What about + V-ing … | Why don’t we + V … => S + suggested + V-ing: đề nghị cùng làm gì.
Ví dụ: “Why don’t we go out for a walk?” said the girl. => The girl suggested going out for a walk. Gợi ý cho người khác:
Why don’t you+ V(bare) ? <=> S + suggested + that + S + should/ shouldn’t + V
Ví dụ: “Why don’t you have a rest?” he said to his friend. => He suggested that