Việt Nam 4

Vietnam -Overview
Longest war in U.S. history
More than 58,000 killed
300,000 wounded
14,000 disabled
800,000 Vietnam veterans diagnosed as having “significant” to “severe” problems of readjustment.
Overview
In Vietnam – over 2 million dead
In Vietnam – 4 million wounded and 10 million displaced from their homes.
Public Opinion
Two out of three Americans judge the Vietnam war to have been a “mistake.”
Over 50% do not have a clear idea what the war was about.
About 1/3 can’t even remember which side we supported.
50% of Americans did not know where Vietnam was located
A Different War
First “living-room war – people watched footage of combat on the nightly news – first was in which television played a major role.

76% of the men sent to Vietnam were from lower to middle class families.
The average age of a soldier was 19.
Most soldiers were drafted – few enlisted.
Soldiers served a “tour of duty” – about 1 year.
Soldiers did not return home at the same time – usually by themselves.
7 Presidents made decisions concerning Vietnam.
Music clearly proved how divided the people were in the United States.
Soldiers invented their own vocabulary for the war.
Background of the War
Vietnam – was a French colony that was invaded by the Japanese during WWII.
Ho Chi Minh – leader of the Vietnamese – called the Vietminh.
Ho Chi Minh supported Communism
Background
1945 – French return to control Vietnam
Ho Chi Minh – controlled North Vietnam and was sent aid by China.
France – was sent aid by the United States
1950 – Pres. Truman sent $15 million to France to help with war. United States is paying 75%-80% of France’s military cost.
Reasons for U.S. Involvement
Pres. Truman’s policy of containment – American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world.
Pres. Eisenhower’s – domino theory – belief that if one country falls to communism, neighboring countries would fall.
France in Trouble
1954 – Operation Vulture – France wants the U.S. to use the atomic bomb – Ike said no.
May 1954 –Dien Bien Phu – France holds area for 50 days and then falls to Ho and his men. Major turning point – France will pull out of Vietnam after this defeat.
A Divided Vietnam
July 1954 – Geneva Accords – Vietnam is divided near the 17th parallel into two separate nations – North Vietnam – Ho Chi Minh –
South Vietnam – looking for leader
Map Locations

North Vietnam
South Vietnam
Gulf of Tonkin
China
Laos
Cambodia
Hanoi
Dien Bien Phu
Saigon
17th Parallel
Ho Chi Minh Trail
Mekong River
Red River
Mekong Delta
My Lai Massacre
Vinh
Hanoi
Pleiku
Cam Ranh Bay
Ho Chi Minh City/Saigon


Roots of American Involvement
Sept. 26, 1945 – Lt. Col. Peter Dewey – served in Office of Strategic Services is shot and killed by the Vietminh.
Dewey is officially the first American killed in the Vietnam war.
The Two Leaders of Vietnam
Ho Chi Minh – leader of the North – but also many in South Vietnam look to him for leadership
Hero because he broke up large estates and redistributed land to the peasants.
He had beaten the French
The Two Leaders
Ngo Dihn Diem – “placed” into office by the United States.
Told to hold free elections – we later refuse.
Corrupt govt. that suppressed opposition of any kind.
Offered little or no land distribution to peasants.
Ngo Dinh Diem
He is a Catholic – most people want to follow Buddhism.
He will restrict Buddhist practices across South Vietnam.
Trouble
1957- Vietcong, called VC by the Americans, - they were guerrilla fighters that wanted Diem out of South Vietnam.

VC get help
Ho Chi Minh will use the Ho Chi Minh Trail – a network of paths used by N. Vietnam to transport supplies to the Vietcong (VC) in S. Vietnam
JFK and Vietnam
Called Vietnam – the “cornerstone of the free world.”
Gen. Taylor and Vice President Johnson go on “fact finding mission – recommend sending 8,000 combat troops
JFK – will send “advisors” – help the South Vietnam govt.
Trouble for Diem
In protest to the Diem- Buddhist monks set themselves on fire.
VC is gaining support in S. Vietnam
Diem Out
U.S. will support a military coup – takeover of Diem
Nov. 1, 1963 – Diem is executed
Gen. William Westmoreland – overall commander of Vietnam
Vietnam Terminology
BC – body count
Boonies – the jungle
Bought the farm – killed in action
Bouncing Betty – a type of mine that when triggered, is propelled into the air and explodes at groin to head level.
Charlie – the VC
Cobra – heavily armed Army helicopter
Dead Man’s Zone – slang for the DMZ – 17th parallel
LBJ and Vietnam

LBJ will escalate - increase U.S. involvement in the war.
Sec. of Defense – Robert McNamara – recommends the U.S. send more troops
Trouble in the Gulf
August 1964 –Gulf of Tonkin
The U.S.S. Maddox was attacked by N. Vietnamese torpedo boats
2 days later – ship C. Turner Joy is “supposedly attacked
LBJ ask Congress to act
Tonkin Resolution
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution gave LBJ a “Blank check” to do whatever steps needed to repeal attacks.
1965 – VC attack advisers near Pleiku and kill 8 Americans.
1965 – Operation Flaming Dart – used of B52 bombers on North Vietnam
Escalation
Operation Rolling Thunder – intense bombing of N. Vietnam.
Main target – Ho Chi Minh Trail
Escalation
1965 200,000 U.S. troops in Vietnam
1967 Operation Cedar Falls- U.S. attack VC headquarter in the Iron Triangle.
Troops uncover massive tunnel complex – used as a base for guerrilla raids .
Tunnel Rats – men responsible for going down tunnels to flush out the VC
Terms
Dear John letter- letter from a girlfriend at home ending the relationship.
DEROS – Date Eligible for Return from Overseas.
In Country – Vietnam
Kit Carson Scouts – VC defectors recruited by Marines to serve as scouts.

Terms
MASH – Mobile Army Surgical Hospital
MIA – Missing In Action
Million-dollar wound – a noncrippling wound serious enough to warrant a return home to the U.S.
Newbie- new soldier
Point Man – man in the front of a squad on patrol.
Tet Offensive
Jan. 31 1968
New Year – 70,000 North Vietnamese and Vietcong attack cities in South Vietnam.
Boldest move – 19 VC attacked the U.S. Embassy in Saigon killed 5 Am. soldiers.
Tet- turning point in war
Why turning point:
A. military victory for U.S. but psychological victory for VC.
B. American public thought U.S. was winning war – but watched as Americans were killed at the U.S. Embassy
Tet Offensive – cont.
C. Created credibility gap – fewer Americans trusted the govt.
D. Pres. Johnson said he would halt bombing of N. Vietnam – that will not be the total truth
E. Pres. Johnson announces that he will not seek re-election.
My Lai
March 16, 1968
Charlie Company – group of U.S. troops under the command of Lt. William Calley
Doing search and destroy mission – find “charlie” and destroy them.
My Lai
300 – civilians – mostly old men, women and children killed by Calley and men.
Officer Hugh Thompson – pilot – will report “killings” to U.S. headquarters.
My Lai
Robert Haeberle – Army photographer that took pictures of the “mission.”
His pictures will be released 2 years later.
After My Lai – many Americans view all Vietnam veterans as “baby killers.”
Battle for Heart and Minds
Clearing the jungle – reason to expose the Vietcong tunnel and hideouts
U.S. planes dropped napalm – a gasoline-based bomb that set fire to the jungle.
Battle for Hearts and Minds
U.S. also used Agent Orange – leaf-killing toxic chemical that devastated the landscape.
U.S. dumped over 13 million gallons.
Name comes from the orange barrels that stored the chemical.
What Heart?
U.S. did not win the “hearts and minds” of the Vietnamese people.
Why?
A. We burned their villiages
B. Killed livestock
C. Chemicals caused skin diseases, birth defects, and cancer
Pictures of Victims
More Victims
Terms
Dust off – medical evacuation by helicopter.
Five O’clock follies – slang for the daily press briefings that reported the BC – body count.
Freedom Bird – airplane that returned troops to home.
Friendly Fire – accidental attack on your own force/troops.
Terms
Puff the Magic Dragon – U.S. Air Force
Punji Stakes – weapon used by the VC – sharpened bamboo stakes hidden at ground level often smeared with poison.
Terms
Short Timer- soldier that did not have much time left to serve.
Sky Pilot – a Chaplain
Teach-ins – night long university meetings at campuses across America in protest to the war.
The World – what the troops called the U.S.
Terms
The Zoo – nickname for the North Vietnamese POW camp near Hanoi – known as one of the worst camps.
POW – Prisoner of War
MIA – Missing In Action
Anti-War Movement
The Counterculture – term used for those that went against traditional American norms.
Counterculture was against the Establishment – the govt., large corporations, etc.
Often this group included white, middle-class college students.
Anti-war movement
Opposition to the War:
Hawks – those that supported the war.
Doves – those that were opposed to the war.
Draft – required all men to register when they reached the age 18.
How to avoid the Draft
Conscientious objectors – men that claimed because of their religious beliefs that they could not fight in the war.
Deferments – delayed entrance or not have to go at all. Mainly included upper class – because they could afford college.
Dodge draft – go to Canada.
Protest on College Campus
Students for a Democratic Society –SDS – radical group formed on major colleges to protest the Vietnam War.
SDS – wanted an end to the ROTC programs at the colleges.
Kent State
May 4, 1970
Kent State University in Ohio
Students upset because Pres. Nixon ordered U.S. troop into Cambodia.
Student burn ROTC building.
Kent State
Governor of Ohio imposes Martial Law -Temporary rule by military authorities, imposed on a civilian population especially in time of war or when civil authority has broken down. He called out the Ohio National Guard.
Kent State
Student start protest march – national guard throws tear gas at students.
Students throw rocks at National Guard.
Minutes later – 4 students were shot dead.
Pres. Nixon and the War
Said he represented the “silent majority” – those individuals that did not demonstrate against the war or speak out against the govt.
Promised to start bringing the “boys” home from Vietnam.
Nixon
His approach – Vietnamization – called for the gradual withdrawal of U.S. troops and for the Army of South Vietnam to take more control of the war.
Said that he would cease bombing – not the whole truth –
Operation Linebacker – the bombing of Cambodia to cut the supply lines of the Vietcong.
Nixon
“Peace with Honor” – Pres. Nixon wanted to maintain U.S. dignity in the face of withdrawal from the war.
POWS
1973 Operation Homecoming – first group of American POWs land in California. Only accounted for 591 POWs – over 2,000 reported.
POWS
From 1964 to 1973, the North Vietnamese had captured Americans, mostly pilots and crews of downed aircraft, and delivered them to prisons.
Start for Home
Operation Frequent Wind – the largest evacuation on record. Start moving all Americans from Saigon.
April 30th 1975 – Saigon falls to North Vietnam. Saigon will be renamed Ho Chi Minh City.
Policy Changed
1973 – War Powers Act – limits the President’s power to engage troops in undeclared wars.
Must notify Congress within 48 hrs. Of sending troops abroad.
Am. troops may not remain abroad longer than 60 days without congressional approval.
1971 - Constitutional Amendment 26 –
Lowered the voting age from 21 to 18
The War’s Painful Legacy
58,000 killed
365,000 wounded
N. and S. Vietnam – 1.5 million deaths
Delayed stress syndrome – recurring nightmares, etc.
1982 – Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C.