Unit 9. Deserts

Unit 9
DESERTS
PARAGRAPH 1
1. How many great
stretches of sandy desert
are there that almost circle
the centre of Australia?


There are three great
stretches of sandy desert
that almost circle the center
of Australia
2. What are they?
They are
the Great Victoria Desert,
the Gibbon, Great Sandy,
Tanami Desert
and the Simpson Desert.
PARAGRAPH 2
3. Where is
the Simpson Desert?
It lies between
Lake Eyre in the south, the
Macdonnel Ranges in the north,
the Mulligan and the
Diamantina Rivers in the east,
and the Macomba and
Finke Rivers in the west.


4. When did
the first European
enter the Simpson Desert?


In 1845.
5. When did Madigan
make an aerial survey?
In 1929.
6. Whom did Madigan
name the desert after?
He named the desert
after Simpson.

7. Who was Simpson?


He was President of the
South Australian Branch
of the Royal Geographical
Society of Australia.
PARAGRAPH 3

8. Which animal
did Colson and an
Australia Aborigine
take across the desert
in 1936?


They took camels.
9. Where did
they travel along?
They travelled along
the border of
South Australia and
the Northern Territory.
10. What did Madigan do
3 years later?
He led a scientific
expedition across the
sand dunes on a more
northerly route.
11. Tell the direction
that Colson & Madigan
travelled across
the Simpson Desert?


They travelled
eastward.
PARAGRAPH 4
12. What are the dunes
like in the western part
of the desert?


In the western part
of the desert, there is
a network of short dunes,
mostly less than
10 meters high.
13. How do the plants
grow in the western part
of the desert?


Hummock grasses grow
in loose sand on the crest
and spinifex grows
in the corridors between
dunes and on the more
stable slopes.
PARAGRAPH 5
14. What are the dunes like
in the northern part
of the desert?


In the northern part of
the desert, the dunes are
parallel and separated
by corridors of low,
open shrubland.
15. Which color
are these dunes?


They are deep red-brown.
16. What about the sand
in the area where
Queensland, South Australia,
Northern Territory meet?


The sand is pale.
17. How long and
how wide are
the dry salt lake up to?
The dry salt lakes
up to 70 kilometres long
and 15 kilometres wide.
18. Where do they lie?
They lie between
long dunes with
crests 20 metres high.
GRAMMAR
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
OF RESULT
1.Clause of Clause, so Clause of Result
Ex: She was sick yesterday
, so she did not go to school.
; therefore,
. Therefore
. Thus,
. As a result,
. Consequently,
♥ We/ not hear/ well/ move/ front row.
→ We didn’t hear well. Therefore, we moved to the front row.
♥ He loves her. Therefore, they are married.
♥ It rained yesterday; therefore, he couldn’t go to school.
♥ Mary had studied hard. Therefore, she passed the exam.
2/ So + adj/adv + that
Such + noun + that
Ex: The day was so beautiful that we decided to go on a picnic.
→ That was such a beautiful day that we decided to go on a picnic.
+ calculator/ small/ you/ put/ your pocket.
→ The calculator is so small that you can put it in your pocket.
→ That is such a small calculator that you can put it in your pocket.
→ It is such a small calculator that you can put it in your pocket.
+ Their dog was so fierce that no one dared come near it.
→ It was such a fierce dog that no one dared come near it.
→ Their dog was fierce; therefore, no one dared come near it.
+ He was so ill that he couldn’t eat anything.
→ He had such a serious illness that he couldn’t eat anything.
→ He was very ill. Therefore, he couldn’t eat anything.
+ The floor wasn’t so strong that we couldn’t dance on it.
→ It was such the weak floor that we couldn’t dance on it.
→ The floor wasn’t strong; therefore, we couldn’t dance on it.
+ The river is so deep that we can’t wade it.
→ That is such the deep river that we can’t wade it.
→ The river is deep. Therefore, we can’t wade it.
+ The ice is so thick that we can walk on it.
→ It is such the thick ice that we can walk on it.
→ The ice is quite thick; therefore, we can walk on it.
3/ Too + adj/adv + (for sb) + to_inf
Ex: The tea was too strong for me to drink.
→ The tea was so strong that I couldn’t drink it
→ It was such the strong tea that I couldn’t drink it.
+ The coffee is too hot for me to drink.
→ The coffee is so hot that I can’t drink.
+ She is too young to get married
→ She is so young that she can’t get married.
+ She is too young to drive a car.
-> She is so young that she can’t drive a car.
+ The sky is too light for us to see the stars clearly.
-> The sky is so light that we an see the stars clearly.
+ He is too intelligent to answer all my questions.
-> He is so intelligent that he can answer all my questions
+ exercise/ difficult/ not finish/ an hour.
→ The exercise was difficult; therefore, I couldn’t finish it in an hour.
→ The exercise was so difficult that I couldn’t finish it in an hour.
→ That was such a difficult exercise that I couldn’t finish it in an hour
+ The car was expensive. He could not buy it.
→ He was so poor that he couldn’t buy that car.
→ He wasn’t rich enough to buy that car.
4/ (not) adj + enough +(for sb)+ to_inf
Ex: He is too young to get married.
→ He is not old enough to get married.
+ The picture was so high that he could not reach it.
→ He was not tall enough to reach the picture.
+ The house wasn’t warm enough for me to live in.
+ He was not strong enough to carry the briefcase.
+ Is the river deep enough to swim in?
+ You aren’t old enough to understand these things.
II.ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
OF CONTRAST
1/ Ex: They did not go to the pop music last night, but we did
, yet
; however,
.However,
.Nevertheless,
+ He doesn’t like music, but his wife does.
+ She trained hard all year, yet she still failed to reach her best form.
+ Kate felt ill. However, she went to work and tried to concentrate.
+ There was no news; nevertheless, we went on hoping.
2/ Although
Though + clause
Even though
Even if

In spite of + (noun) phrase
Despite


Ex: Although we all tried our best, we lost the game.
+ I like her even though she can be annoying
+ Even if I have to walk all the way, I’ll get there.
+ Though he had only entered the contest for fun, he won first prize.
+ Despite wanting to see him again, she refused to reply to his letters.
+ In spite of the bad weather, they had a wonderful holiday.
EXERCISES
1/ I could not eat _____ I was very hungry.

even though

in spite

despite

in spite the fact that
A
B
C
D
2/ _______ he had enough money, he refused to buy a new car.

In spite

In spite of

Despite

Although
A
B
C
D
3/ ______ her lack of hard work, she was promoted.

In spite

Even though

In spite of

Despite of
A
B
C
D
4/ She left him ______ she still loved him.

even if

even though

in spite of

despite
A
B
C
D
5/ _______ they are brothers, they do not look like.

Although

Even

Despite

In spite of
A
B
C
D
6/ The teams played on in spite of the rain.

even if

if

in case

notwithstanding
A
B
C
D
7/ In spite of his hard work, he could not finish the job.

As hard as he work

Despite he worked hard

Though he worked hard

Although hard work
A
B
C
D
8/ He went to work despite his headache.

nevertheless

due to

notwithstanding

because of
A
B
C
D
9/ Despite _______, we knew that he was guilty.

denied

denying

he denied

his denial
A
B
C
D
10/ Despite the fact that ______, we enjoyed our trip.

the weather is bad

it is a bad weather

the bad weather

the weather was bad
A
B
C
D
11/ Julie failed the exam ______ of working very hard.

despite

in spite

even if

though
A
B
C
D
12/ ______ the increase in their salaries, many French employees spend Saturday at work.

Despite

Even if

Even though

In spite
A
B
C
D
13/ ______ he is the boss, he does not find solutions to problems very easily.

Although

In spite of

Notwithstanding

Despite
A
B
C
D
14/ Even if ______, they had to continue practicing.

the players’ soreness

the players were sore

the fact that the players were sore

it was the players’ soreness
A
B
C
D
15/ When she got the news from her family, she could not do anything, _______ cry.

but

and

so

however
A
B
C
D
16/ Mrs. London has ______ that she is unable to get a job.

but not enough education

so little education

however little education

such little education
A
B
C
D
17/ We live in the same building __ we have hardly seen each other.

and

therefore

but

so
A
B
C
D
18/ I went to buy a Rolling Stones CD ____ the shop didn’t have it.

and

but

therefore

so
A
B
C
D
19/ Anna needed some money; _____, she took a part-time job.

furthermore

moreover

however

therefore
A
B
C
D
20/ Julie has a guitar _____ she plays it really well.

and

so

but

therefore
A
B
C
D
21/ My fingers were injured ___ my sister had to write the note for me.

and

however

so

but
A
B
C
D
22/ The concert was cancelled ___ we went to a nightclub instead.

so

however

so on

but
A
B
C
D
23/ This is an expensive ______ very useful book.

but

so

therefore

however
A
B
C
D
24/ ______ long it takes, I will wait for you.

However

But

So

Therefore
A
B
C
D
25/ I must say that you’ done very well. ____, you should be aware that you still have a lot of thing to learn.

Therefore

So

But

However
A
B
C
D
26/ _________ that we stopped for a rest.

But we were tired

So tired were we

However we were tired

Therefore, we were tired
A
B
C
D
27/ He is only sixteen, and _____, he is not eligible to drive a car.

nevertheless

but

therefore

however
A
B
C
D
28/ Maria tried to read a novel in French _______ the book was too difficult for her to understand.

so that

therefore

but

and
A
B
C
D
29/ To get from Vancouver to Victoria, you can fly, ___ you can ride the ferry.

or

but

so

however
A
B
C
D
30/ I bought a bottle of wine ____ we drank it together.

therefore

so

and

but
A
B
C
D
31/ The waiter was not very nice, ____, the food was delicious.

however

but

so

and so
A
B
C
D
32/ _____ hard he worked, he could earn enough money to support the family.

But

However

Therefore

Whatever
A
B
C
D
33/ He told me not to do it; ______, I did it.

therefore

so

but

however
A
B
C
D
34/ We have not yet won; ______, we will keep trying.

moreover

however

therefore

so as
A
B
C
D
35/ I’m afraid that the company is in deep trouble. _____, we are going to make some people redundant.

Therefore

However

But

And
A
B
C
D
36/ I wanted to give him some money after he helped me with the car ____ he absolutely refused to accept it.

so

but

therefore

and so
A
B
C
D
37/ Everyone is ready for the discussion, ______ him.

however

but

so

therefore
A
B
C
D
38/ ______ she could not say anything.

So upset was she that

So upset was she

However upset was she that

Therefore upset was she that
A
B
C
D
39/ Do it ________ .

so do you want

but as you want

however you want

therefore you want
A
B
C
D
40/ ___ you prepare for the exam, there will still be a few questions on which you won’t be sure of the answer.

So much as

Much but

However much

So much
A
B
C
D
41/ The first part of the test was easy; the second; _____, took hours.

therefore

but

so

however
A
B
C
D
42/ _____, I cannot keep pace with Johnny.

So I have tried hard

I have tried hard so

However hard have I tried

However hard I have tried
A
B
C
D
43/ He has done nothing to prepare for the final examination, ______ played.

but

so

therefore

and
A
B
C
D
44/ Our new neighbors are quite nice ______ they are sometimes talkative.

despite

in spite of the fact

though

as though
A
B
C
D
45/ _____ of the difficulty, they managed to climb to the top of the mountain.

In spite

Despite

But

Although
A
B
C
D
46/ Yesterday, I had to cram all day for my French final. ______, I did not get to sleep until after midnight.

Nevertheless

However

Therefore

But
A
B
C
D
47/ Polar bears are beautiful animals; ______, they are wild and unpredictable in nature.

despite

however

so

therefore
A
B
C
D
48/ You don’t have to be afraid of bear, ____ educating yourself about the dangers can help keep you safe.

but

so

therefore

although
A
B
C
D
49/ I want to work as an interpreter in the future; _____, I am studying Russian at university.

but

so

however

therefore
A
B
C
D
50/ I am going shopping for food this evening _____ I do not have to go at the weekend.

so

but

however

therefore
A
B
C
D