Unit 4. Special education

Unit: 3
British Education
Group 2
Nie Ho Nhai
Huynh Thanh Truc
Tran Thi Lan Vien
Tran Thi Bich Thuy
Mai Ngoc Phuong
Nguyen Thi Tuong Vi
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In Generally,
The basic features of the British educational system are the same as they are anywhere else in Europe :
- education is compulsory up to the middle teenage years
- the academic year begins at the end of summer
-compulsory education is free of charge, but parents may spend money on educating their children privately if they want to.
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There are three recognized stages:
The first stage : primary
The second stage :secondary
The third (tertiary) stage is `further` education at university or college.
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History Background
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-The British government attached little importance to education until the end of the nineteenth century.
History Background
-Britain was leading the world in industry and commerce, so, it was felt, education must somehow be taking care of itself.
Today, however, education is one of the most frequent subjects for public debate in the country. To understand the background to this debate, a little history is needed
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History Background
Schools and other educational institutions (such as universities) existed in Britain long before the government began to take an interest in education
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History Background
Most importantly, the government left alone the small group of schools which had been used in the nineteenth century to educate the sons of the upper and upper-middle classes.
At these `public` schools, the emphasis was on `character-building` and the development of `team spirit` rather than on academic achievement

«Boarding School»
Why?
 Their aim was to prepare young men to take up positions in the higher ranks of the army, in business, the legal profession, the civil service and politics.
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-In the twentieth century, education and its possibilities for social advancement came within everybody`s reach, new schools tended to copy the features of the public schools
History Background
-Nowadays,The modern educational system has been through a period of constant change and it is difficult to predict what further changes will occur in the next decade. At the same time, however, there are certain underlying characteristics that seem to remain fixed.
 
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Types Of School Nowadays
- State Schools
- Primary schools (5 - 11 year olds)
- Secondary schools (11 - 16 year olds)
Fee Paying Schools
- Independent Schools
- Prep Schools
- Public Schools
- Higher Education (college,university)
What school do most school children in England go to?
To get An A level Certificate which school do they go to?
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State Schools
In the UK 93% of the children in England and Wales go to "state schools". State schools are non fee-paying, funded from taxes and most are organised by Local Authorities (LA)
Higher Education (College, University)
Around 30% of the 18 to 19 year olds enter full-time higher education. The formal entry requirements to most degree courses are two A-levels at grade E or above. In practice, most offers of places require qualifications in excess of this
 Which age group is education in Viet Nam compulsory ?
ORGANIZATION
ORGANIZATION
The Department for Education and Employment is responsible for England and Wales alone.
Scotland and Northern Ireland have their own departments
Education is managed not by one, but by three, separate government departments:
The two education systems have different emphases.

Traditionally, the English, Welsh and Northern Irish system has emphasised depth of education

Whereas the Scottish system has emphasised breadth.
 Which age group is education in Britain compulsory ?


School in the UK is compulsory between the ages of five and sixteen..
Compulsory schooling begins at the age of five.
After primary school, students go to secondary school until they are sixteen or eighteen
Central government doesn’t prescribe a detailed programme of learning or determine what books and materials should be used.
One of the reasons for this level of `grass-roots` independence is that the system has been influenced by the public school tradition that a school is its own community.
Universities, although financed by the government, have even more autonomy.
Each one has complete control over what to teach, how to teach it, who it accepts as students and how to test these students.
STYLE
Learning for its own sake, rather than for any particular practical purpose, has traditionally been given a comparatively high value in Britain
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First of all, it has influenced the general style of teaching
STYLE
The traditional approach, universities have tended to give such a high priority to sport.
STYLE
 Sporting success enhances the reputation of an institution.
Until the last quarter of the twentieth century, certain sports at some universities (especially Oxford and Cambridge) and medical schools were played to an international standard.
STYLE
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
If you have a chance, do you want to study in the UK? Why?
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
In the second half of the twentieth century simply reflect the wider social process of increased egalitarianism. The élitist institutions which first set the pattern no longer set the trend and are themselves less élítist
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
Passed: they went to a grammar school
Failed: they went to a secondary modern school
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
Before 1965 most children in the country had to take an exam at about the age of eleven , at the end of their primary schooling
Class distinctions
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
These days, most eleven year olds all go on to the same local school
 Comprehensive school
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
Starting in the late 1980s, two major changes were introduced by the government:
The first was the setting up of a national curriculum
The second is that schools can now decide to “ opt out” of the control of the LEA and put themselves directly under the control of the appropriate government department
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
One final point about the persistence of decentralization: there are really three, not one, national curricula. There is one for England and Wales, another for Scotland and another for Northern Ireland
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
Consequence of the traditional British approach to education had been the habit of giving a relatively large amount of attention to the arts and humanities
School life
There is no countrywide system of nursery schools.
In some areas primary schools have nursery schools attached to them, but in others there is no provision of this kind.
The average child does not begin full- time attendance at school until he or she is about five and starts primary school
Almost all schools are either primary or secondary only, the later being generally larger.
Public exams

The organization of the exams which schoolchildren take from the age of about fifteen onwards exemplifies both the lack of uniformity in British education and also the traditional ` hands - off ` approach of British governments.


TYPES OF UNIVERSITY
IN BRITAIN
“Fellows”
Oxford: tutorials
Cambridge: supervisions
Most colleges have their own dining hall, library and chapel and contain enough accommodation for at least half of their students.
The old Scottish universities
The old universities of Scotland are medieval and renaissance universities which continue to exist in the present day. The majority of the old universities of the British Isles are located within Scotland, and have a number of distinctive features in common, being governed by a series of measures laid down in the Universities (Scotland) Acts. 
THE EARLY NINETEENTH-CENTURY ENGLISH UNIVERSITIES
Durham Univerity
The University of London started in 1836 with just two colleges.
THE OLDER CIVIC
(‘REDBRICK’) UNIVERSITIES.
They catered only for local people. At first, they prepared students for London University degrees, but later they were given the right to award their own degrees, and so became universities themselves.
In the mid twentieth century they started to accept students from all over the country.
THE CAMPUS UNIVERSITIES
These are purpose-built institutions located in the countryside but close to towns.
ASTON UNIVERSITY in Birmingham is a classic campus university,
but located in the city centre of the city.
Lancaster University near
the city of Lancaster
The newer civic universities
These were originally technical colleges set up by local authorities in the first sixty years of this century
Their upgrading to university status took place in two waves
The first wave
University of Birmingham The first civic university to be awarded full university status and the first unitary (not collegiate or federal) university in England. Formed following the merge of Mason Science College (founded 1875) and Queen`s College, Birmingham (founded 1828).
Their upgrading to university status took place in two waves
The first wave
Victoria University of Manchester: From merger of Owen`s College (constituent college of the Victoria University from 1880) and the Victoria University. Merged with UMIST in 2004 to form the University of Manchester.
Their upgrading to university status took place in two waves
The second wave
The second wave of civic universities differed from the later "plate glass universities" in that they all evolved from local university colleges founded before WWII and all prepared students for external University of London examinations before being granted full university status.
University of Reading: Developed from University College Reading, founded by Christ Church, Oxford as an extension college in 1892. Students could take Oxford degrees after completing their courses at Reading with only one year of residence.
University of Nottingham: Developed from University College Nottingham, founded in 1881.