Unit 16-Language focus

Welcome to our class
What are you doing when I rang you last night?
I was having a bath when you rang me last night.
Conjunctions:
When - Once
While - As
After - etc.
Before
Since
Whenever
As soon as
Till / Until
By the time
Adverbial clauses
of time
AFTER
Future tense is not used in this adverb clause.
Ex 1: After she graduates, she will get a job.
Ex 2: I will leave before he comes.
WHEN
When I arrived, he was talking on the phone.






When I see him tomorrow, I will ask him.
WHILE, AS
During that time.
* Adverb clause is in past progressive.
While I was walking home, it began to rain.





As I was walking home, it began to rain.
By the time
By the time he arrived, we had already left.
By the time he comes, we will have already left.
Since
From that time to the present
The present perfect is used in the main clause.
I haven’t seen him since he left this morning.

I’ve known her ever since I was a child.
Until
We stayed there until we finished our lesson.
We stayed there till we finished our lesson.
As soon as
Once
As soon as it starts raining, we will leave.





Once I have a chance, I will throw you an ice ball.
As long as
From the Beginning to the end.
I will never speak to him as long as I live.
I will never speak to him so long as I live.
Whenever
Every time
Whenever I see her, I say hello.






Every time I see her, I say hello.
The first time, the second time…
The first time that I went to New York, I went to an opera.

I saw two plays the last time (that) I went to New York.

The next time (that) I go to New York, I’m going to see a ballet.
Adverbial clauses and tenses
Future tenses in adverbial clauses:
Ex 1: I’ll wait here until they come back.
Ex 2: I will do it when I think fit.
Past tenses in adverbial clause of time:
Ex 1: She said goodbye before she left.
Ex 2: We stayed here until we finished work.
Ex 3: My mother went home as soon as she finished work at
the office.
Ex 1: The telephone rang while we were having dinner.
Ex 2: As I was walking home, it began to rain.
Ex 3: While I was cooking dinner, my husband was
reading a book.
Ex 4: He was talking on the phone when I arrived.
Ex: We haven’t met each other since we left school.
Ex1: She got the job after she had graduated from
university.
Ex2: She had left before he came.
Ex 3: By the time he arrived, we had already
finished work.
Activity 1: Join the pairs of sentences, using the words given in parentheses. Use the correct punctuation and make changes in verb forms if necessary.
Ex: His application for the job was
refused. He felt very disappointed. (when)
When his application for the job was
refused, he felt very disappointed.
2. UNICEF will place an ad in the local paper for a
vacancy. I will apply for the job. (as soon as)
3. The WTO delegation left their hotel. A suicide bomb exploded. (before)
4. The UNDP interviewer will return you call. She’ll have some free time. (as soon as)
5. The TOEFL proctor delivered the test paper. Examinees felt nervous. (while)
6. You will learn how to use computer. You’ll be able to work for an international company. (once)
7. I won’t return this book to the library. I’ll finish my research project. (until)
8. She dropped the papers. She was leaving the office. (as)
9. He will go to an interview. He’ll remember to bring along his resume with him. (the next time)
10. The company announced the recruitment. There were over 500 applicants for the job. (when)
Answers:
2. UNICEF will place an ad in the local paper for a vacancy. I will apply for the job. (as soon as)
 As soon as UNICEF places an ad in the local paper for a vacancy, I will apply for the job.
3. The WTO delegation left their hotel. A suicide bomb exploded. (before)
 Before the TWO delegation left their hotel, a suicide bomb had exploded.
4. The UNDP interviewer will return you call. She’ll have some free time. (as soon as)
 The UNDP interviewer will return your call as soon as she has come free time.
5. The TOEFL proctor delivered the test paper. Examinees felt nervous. (while)
 While the TOEFL proctor was delivering the test paper, examinees felt nervous.
6. You will learn how to use computer. You’ll be able to work for an international company. (once)
 You will learn how to use computer once You are able to work for an international company.
7. I won’t return this book to the library. I’ll finish my research project. (until)
 I won’t return this book to the library until I finish my research project.
8. She dropped the papers. She was leaving the office. (as)
 She dropped the papers as she was leaving the office.
9. He will go to an interview. He’ll remember to bring along his resume with him. (the next time)
 The next time he goes to an interview, he’ll remember to bring along his resume with him.
10. The company announced the recruitment. There were over 500 applicants for the job. (when)
 When the company announced the recruitment, there were over 500 applicants for the job.
Activity 3: Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense
He’ll have to behave better when he (go) to school.
I (lend) you my cassette recorder whenever you want it.
Since they (get) married, they have moved the house twice.
After he (graduate) from university, he joined the army.
Answers:
1. He’ll have to behave better when he (go) to school.
 He’ll have to behave better when he goes to school.
2. I (lend) you my cassette recorder whenever you want it.
 I will lend you my cassette recorder whenever you want it.
3. Since they (get) married, they have moved the house twice.
 Since they got married, they have moved the house twice.
4. After he (graduate) from university, he joined the army.
 After he had graduated from university, he joined the army.
Activity 4: Choose the suitable word / phrase to complete each sentence
1. As it ………………darker, it became colder.
A. grew B. is getting C. had grown D. will grow
2. The people were losing all their hope when help………………….
A. was arriving B. arrived C. would arrive D. has arrived
3. By the time the rescue troops were allowed to enter the area, lots of people…………..of hunger and illness.
A. have died B. had died C. died D. die
4. They ………….dinner when everything began to shake and fell.
A. were having B. had C. had had D. has had
5. My brother only goes to bed after he………..all his homework.
A. has finished B. finished C. had finished D. will finish
Answers:
1. As it ………………darker, it became colder.
 A. grew B. is getting
C. had grown D. will grow
2. The people were losing all their hope when help………………….
A. was arriving B. arrived
C. would arrive D. has arrived
3. By the time the rescue troops were allowed to enter the area, lots of people…………..of hunger and illness.
A. have died B. had died
C. died D. die
4. They ………….dinner when everything began to shake and fell.
A. were having B. had
C. had had D. has had
5. My brother only goes to bed after he………..all his homework.
A. has finished B. finished
C. had finished D. will finish
Activity 5: Choose the most appropriate word / phrase of time to complete each sentence
1. ……………Viet Nam entered WTO, business conditions in the country have changed greatly.
A. Since B. After C. When D. No sooner
2. ……….he’d had his dinner, he was feeling much better.
A. While B. Until C. Once D. Since
3. ……….he’d waited half an hour for her to come, he became tired of her tardiness.
A. After B. Before C. When D. No sooner
4. He decided to call the police………………he’d witnessed the car accident.
A. while B. since C. as soon as D. until
5. ………….she sent her complaint letters to the company, they never replied.
A. While B. When C. After D. Before
Answers:
1. ……………Viet Nam entered WTO, business conditions in the country have changed greatly.
A. Since B. After
C. When D. No sooner
2. ……….he’d had his dinner, he was feeling much better.
A. While B. Until
C. Once D. Since

3. ……….he’d waited half an hour for her to come, he became tired of her tardiness.
A. After B. Before
C. When D. No sooner
4. He decided to call the police………………he’d witnessed the car accident.
A. while B. since
C. as soon as D. until
5. ………….she sent her complaint letters to the company, they never replied.
A. While B. When
C. After D. Before
Homework:
Learn the lesson.
Do task a (p.184) in the notebook.
Thank you for your presence