Unit 15. Cities

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Unit 15: CITIES
Language Focus

_ Pronunciation: /θ/ /ð/
_ Non-defining relative clauses
_ Clauses of contrast
_ Phrases of contrast
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Pronunciation:
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Practise these sentences: /θ/ /ð/
(1) (2)
I thought Mr. Smith was thirty three.
(1) (1) (1) (1)
But next Thursday will be his thirtieth birthday.
(1) (1) (1) (1)
Something about him makes me think he is like my brother.
(1) (1) (2)
4. The roses that you gave him are beautiful.
(2) (2)
Look at the clothes on that thin man over there.
(2) (2) (2) (1) (2)
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Non-defining relatives clauses:

New York Harbour , which is ice-free in all seasons , is one of
(non-defining relative clause)


the largest and finest harbours in the world.
Proper Noun
2 things to remember:
♣ THAT mustn’t be used to replace WHO, WHOM, WHICH.
♣ COMMA(S) must be used.
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. . . noun + non-defining relative clause






Proper Noun
This / that
These / those
+ N(s/es)
Poss. Adj + N (my, your, …)
A relative clause is called Non-Defining when the Noun preceding it is one of the followings:
Noun + prepositional phrase
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EX:
Mr. Nguyen devotes all his life to the cause. He has been the Principal of this school for about 6 years.








→ Mr. Nguyen, who has been the Principal of this school for about 6 years, devotes all his life to the cause.
Or: Mr. Nguyen, who devotes all his life to the cause, has been the Principal of this school for about 6 years.
When a relative pronoun functions as the Subject of the clause, you can write the sentence in 2 ways as in the example.
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EX:
b. Thanks for lending me this novel. I want to read it so badly.


c. Our country has a four thousand-year-old history. I’m very proud of it.

→ Thanks for lending me this novel, which I want to read so badly.
→ Our country, which I’m very proud of, has a four thousand-year-old history.
Or: Our country, of which I’m very proud, has a four thousand-year-old history.

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d. The director of this company was very generous about overtime payments. I was working for him.




e. Ann is trying to get a job. Her children are at school all day.
→ The director of this company, whom I was working for, was very generous about overtime payments.
Or: The director of this company, for whom I was working, was very generous about overtime payments.

→ Ann, whose children are at school all day, is trying to get a job.
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Your book
Page 165
Exercise 1
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Adverb clause of contrast:
An adverb clause of contrast begins with one
of the following conjunctions:
1. Although, though, even though


EX1: Although he was tired, he kept working.

Small exercise:
Although / he / no qualifications / got the job.
2. She / lead / simple life / though / she / rich.
3. The weather condition was severe, but all the cars completed the course.
Even though ……………………………………………………………………………………..
4. He was inexperienced, but he was offered the job.
Though …………………………………………………………………………………………….
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Key:
1. Although he had no qualifications, he got the job.
2. She leads a simple life though she is rich.
3. Even though the weather condition was severe, all
the cars completed the course.
4. Though he was inexperienced, he was offered the
job.
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2. However + adj / adv + S + V . . .
EX1: Although he was tired, he kept working.
Tired as he was, he kept working.

→ However tired he was, he kept working.
EX2: He was injured in a car accident though he drove carefully.
→ However carefully he drove, he was injured in a car accident.
EX3: Even though he studied very hard, he couldn’t keep pace
with his classmates.


→ However hard he studied, he couldn’t keep pace with his
classmates.
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Phrases of contrast:
☻in spite of
☻despite
+ Noun (phrase) / V.ing …
1. Although he was tired, he kept working.

2. He was injured in a car accident though he drove carefully.

3. Even though he worked very hard, he couldn’t keep pace with his classmates.




→ In spite of his tiredness / being tired, he . . . . . . .
→ Despite driving carefully, he . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
→ In spite of his hard work / working very hard, he . . . . . . . . . . .
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Fill in the blank with:
Because / because of / although / however / in spite of / despite

1. The students arrived late ---------------- the traffic jam.
a. because b. because of c. although d. in spite of
2. We took a lot of pictures ---------------- the cloudy sky.
a. because b. although c. despite d. because of
3. He failed ----------------.
a. although he tries hard b. however hard he tried
c. in spite of trying hard d. b & c are correct
4. He ate the chocolate cake ---------------- he is on a diet.
a. although b. in spite of c. because d. because of
5. I couldn’t get to sleep ---------------- the noise.
a. because b. because of c. in spite of d. although
6. She went home early ---------------- she didn’t feel well.
a. although b. because c. in spite of d. because of
More exercises
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7. In spite of his hard work, he could not find the job.
a. As hard as his work b. Though he worked hard
c. Despite he worked hard d. Although hard work
8. Mark failed the driving test for the third time -----------
a. even though his many hours of practice b. because of his practicing very hard
c. instead of having practiced very hard d. despite practising for many hours.
9. Our neighbors are quite nice --------- they are sometimes talkative.
a. despite b. though c. as though d. because
10. Julie failed the exam ----------- of working very hard.
a. in spite b. despite c. because d. instead
11. She left him ------------- she still loved him.
a. in spite of b. because c. although d. despite
12. ------------- the plane took off late, we still reached our destination on time.
a. Although b. In spite c. Despite d. Because
13. --------------, he walked to the station.
a. Despite being tired b. In spite being tired
c. Although to be tired d. Despite tired
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Your book
Page 165
Exercise 2