Unit 14. International organizations

United nations
History
The United Nations was founded as a successor to the League of Nations, which was widely considered to have been ineffective in its role as an international governing body, in that it had been unable to prevent World War II. Some argue that the UN`s major advantage over the League of Nations is its ability to maintain and deploy its member nations` armed forces as peace keepers. Others see such "peace keeping" as a euphemism for war and domination of weak and poor countries by the wealthy and powerful nations of the world.
History
The term "United Nations" (which appears in stanza 35 of Canto III of Byron`s Childe Harold`s Pilgrimage) was decided by Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill during World War II, to refer to the Allies. Its first formal use was in the
1 January 1942 Declaration by the United Nations, which committed the Allies to the principles of the Atlantic Charter and pledged them not to seek a separate peace with the Axis powers. Thereafter, the Allies used the term "United Nations Fighting Forces" to refer to their alliance.
History
The idea for the UN was espoused in declarations signed at the wartime Allied conferences in Moscow, Cairo, and Tehran in 1943 . From August to October 1944, representatives of France, the Republic of China, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Soviet Union met to elaborate the plans at the Dumbarton Oaks Estate in Washington, DC. Those and later talks produced proposals outlining the purposes of the organization, its membership and organs, and arrangements to maintain international peace and security and international economic and social cooperation.
History
On 25 April 1945, the UN Conference on International Organizations began in San Francisco. In addition to the governments, a number of non-governmental organizations were invited to assist in drafting the charter. The 50 nations represented at the conference signed the Charter of the United Nations two months later on 26 June. Poland had not been represented at the conference, but a place had been reserved for it among the original signatories, and it added its name later.
History
The UN came into existence on 24 October 1945, after the Charter had been ratified by the five permanent members of the UN Security Council—the Republic of China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States—and by a majority of the other 46 signatories. That these countries are the permanent members of the Security Council, and have veto power on any Security Council resolution, reflects that they are the main victors of World War II or their successor states: the People`s Republic of China replaced the Republic of China in 1971 and Russia replaced the Soviet Union in 1991.
Membership
With the addition of Montenegro on 28 June 2006, there are 192 United Nations member states, including virtually all internationally-recognized independent states
Membership
The United Nations Charter outlines the rules for membership:
Membership
1. Membership in the United Nations is open to all other peace-loving states which accept the obligations contained in the present Charter and, in the judgment of the Organization, are able and willing to carry out these obligations.
Membership
2. The admission of any such state to membership in the United Nations will be effected by a decision of the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council.
Membership
2. The admission of any such state to membership in the United Nations will be effected by a decision of the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council.
The Group of 77 at the UN is a loose coalition of developing nations, designed to promote its members` collective economic interests and create an enhanced joint negotiating capacity in the United Nations.
Membership
There were 77 founding members of the organization, but the organization has since expanded to 130 member countries.
Membership
The group was founded on 15 June 1964 by the "Joint Declaration of the Seventy-Seven Countries" issued at the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
Languages
The UN has six official languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish
Languages
Five of the official languages were chosen when the UN was founded (the languages of the permanent members of the Security Council, plus Spanish, which was the official language of the largest number of nations at the time).
Languages
Arabic was added in 1973; the number of Arabic-speaking member states had increased substantially since 1945, and the 1973 oil crisis provided the catalyst for the addition.
Languages
The Secretariat uses two working languages, English and French
Organizational structure
The United Nations system is based on five principal organs: The General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, Secretariat, and the International Court of Justice (ICJ).
General Assembly
The General Assembly is the main deliberative organ of the United Nations. It is composed of all United Nations member states and meets in regular yearly sessions under a president elected from among the member states.
General Assembly
When the General Assembly votes on important questions, a two-thirds majority of those present and voting is required. Examples of important questions includes: recommendations on peace and security; election of members to organs; admission, suspension, and expulsion of members; and, budgetary matters. All other questions are decided by majority vote. Each member country has one vote.
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Security Council
The UN Security Council is charged with maintaining peace and security among countries. While other organs of the United Nations only make recommendations to member governments, the Security Council has the power to make decisions that member governments must carry out under the United Nations Charter. The decisions of the Council are known as United Nations Security Council Resolutions.
Security Council
Security Council
Economic and Social Council
The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) assists the General Assembly in promoting international economic and social cooperation and development. ECOSOC has 54 members, all of whom are elected by the General Assembly for a three-year term. The president is elected for a one-year term and chosen amongst the small or middle powers represented on ECOSOC
International Court of Justice
The International Court of Justice (ICJ), located in The Hague, Netherlands, is the primary judicial organ of the United Nations. Established in 1945 by the United Nations Charter, the Court began work in 1946 as the successor to the Permanent Court of International Justice. The Statute of the International Court of Justice, similar to that of its predecessor, is the main constitutional document constituting and regulating the Court
United Nations Secretariat
The United Nations Secretariat is headed by the Secretary-General, assisted by a staff of international civil servants worldwide. It provides studies, information, and facilities needed by United Nations bodies for their meetings. It also carries out tasks as directed by the UN Security Council, the UN General Assembly, the UN Economic and Social Council, and other UN bodies.



Trygve Lie (Norway)
Dag Hammarskjöld (Sweden)
U Thant (Burma)
Kurt Waldheim (Austria)
Javier Pérez de Cuéllar (Peru)
Boutros Boutros-Ghali (Egypt)
Kofi Annan (Ghana)
Ban Ki-Moon (South Korea)
Secretaries General


International Atomic Energy Agency

International Civil Aviation Organization

International Fund for Agricultural Development

International Labor Organization
Specialized Organizations


International Maritime Organization

International Telecommunication Union

Food and Agriculture Organization

United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization
Specialized Organizations


Universal Postal Union

World Bank

United Nations Industrial Development Organization

World Health Organization

World Intellectual Property Organization

World Meteorological Organization
Specialized Organizations
AIMs
Maintain international peace and security
Safeguard human rights
Provide a mechanism for international law
Promote social and economic progress
Improve living standards and fight diseases
Peacekeeping
UN peacekeepers are sent to regions where armed conflict has recently ceased (or paused) to enforce the terms of peace agreements and to discourage combatants from resuming hostilities
Peacekeeping
Since the UN does not maintain its own military, peacekeeping forces are voluntarily provided by member states of the UN. All UN peacekeeping operations must be approved by the Security Council.
Peacekeeping
UN peacekeeping missions. Dark blue indicates current missions, while light blue represents former missions.
Human Rights
Human Rights Councils
The purpose of the Human Rights Council is to address human rights violations. The Council is the successor to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights, which was often criticized for the high-profile positions it gave to member states that did not guarantee the human rights of their own citizens.
Human Rights Councils
The United Nations General Assembly established the Human Rights Council on 15 March 2006. The council has 47 members distributed by region, which each serve three year terms, and may not serve three consecutive terms. A candidate to the body must be approved by a majority of the General Assembly.
Treaty bodies
Millennium Development Goals
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credit

speaker
Mr. Luong Xuan Duy
Mr. Tran Nhat Anh

designer
Mr. Tran Nhat Anh

information source
http://www.un.org/
http://en.wikipedia.org/

photo and picture source
http://www.un.org/
http://en.wikipedia.org/
http://www.google.com.vn








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