Tư liệu 11,12 .Phân nhóm trong hệ thống

THE PERIODIC TABLE
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DIRECTIONS
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ALKALI METALS
Group IA (alkaline means basic)
Li
Na
K
Rb
Cs
Fr
ALKALINE EARTH METALS
Group IIA
Be
Mg
Ca
Sr
Ba
Ra
HALOGENS
Group VIIA (nonmetals, halogens means salt formers)
F
Cl
Br
I
NOBLE GASES
Group VIII (nonmetals- rare gases)
He
Ne
Ar
Kr
Xe
Rn
Group or Families of the
Periodic Table
VERTICAL COLUMNS- elements in a group have similar chemical and physical properties
Periods in a Periodic Table
HORIZONTAL ROWS- elements in periods have properties that change progressively across the table
Physical Properties of Metals
High electrical conductivity that decreases with increasing temperature.
High thermal conductivity.
Metallic gray or silver luster
Almost all are solids
Malleable (can be hammered into sheets, etc.)
Ductile (can be drawn into wires)
Physical Properties of Nonmetals
Poor electrical conductivity (except carbon in the form of graphite)
Good heat insulators (except carbon in the form of diamonds)
No metallic luster
Solids, liquids or gases
Brittle in solid state
Non-ductile

Chemical Properties of Metals
Outer shells contain few electrons (usually 3 or fewer)
Forms cations (positive ions) by losing electrons
Form ionic compounds with nonmetals
Solid state characterized by metallic bonding
Chemical Properties of Nonmetals
Outer shells contain four or more electrons
Form anions (negative ions) by gaining electrons
Form ionic compounds with metals and molecular (covalent) compounds with other nonmetals.
Covalently bonded molecules; Noble gases are monatomic
TRENDS IN THE PERODIC TABLE
ATOMIC NUMBER
ACROSS PERIOD: INCREASES
DOWN GROUP: INCREASES
ATOMIC MASS
ACROSS PERIOD: INCREASE
DOWN GROUP: INCREASE
ATOMIC RADIUS
ACROSS PERIOD: DECREASE
DOWN GROUP: INCREAS
ATOMIC VOLUME
ACROSS PERIOD: DECREASE
DOWN GROUP: INCREASE
ATOMIC DENSITY
ACROSS PERIOD: INCREASE
DOWN GROUP: INCREASE
ELECTRONEGATIVITY
ACROSS PERIOD: INCREASE
DOWN GROUP: DECREASE
ELECTROPOSITIVITY
ACROSS PERIOD: DECREASE
DOWN GROUP: INCREASE
IONIZATION ENERGY
ACROSS PERIOD: INCREASE
DOWN GROUP: DECREASE
COLOR
ACROSS PERIOD: NO TREND
DOWN GROUP: DARKER
METALS
ACROSS PERIOD: LESS METALLIC
DOWN GROUP: MORE METALLIC
NON-METALS
ACROSS PERIOD: MORE METALLIC
DOWN GROUP: LESS METALLIC
METALLOID
BORDER ZIG-ZAG LINE
NUMBER OF SHELLS
ACROSS PERIOD: CONSTANT
DOWN GROUP: INCREASE
NUMBER OF ELECTRONS IN OUTER SHELL
ACROSS PERIOD: INCREASES
DOWN GROUP: CONSTANT
ELECTRON AFFINITY
ACROSS PERIOD: INCREASE
DOWN GROUP: CONSTANT
IONIC RADIUS
DOWN GROUP: INCREASE
ANIONS (-)
LARGER THAN ATOM
CATIONS (+)
SMALLER THAN ATOM
REACTIVITY OF METALS
ACROSS PERIOD: DECREASES
DOWN GROUP: INCREASES
REACTIVITY OF NON-METALS
ACROSS PERIOD: INCREASES
DOWN GROUP: DECREASE