TRANSFORMATION MODELS

MODEL- TENSES
Model 1:
began
S + started + V-ing + ... ago ( S + have/ has + V3/ V-ed + for...
commenced


He began working in this factory five years ago ( He has worked in this factory five years ago
They have lived there for two years. ( They started living there two years ago

Model 2:
Began in
S + started + V-ing + on (time) ( S + have/ has + V3/ V-ed + since...
commenced at


They started playing games at 5 o’clock. ( They have played games since 5 o’clock.
We began learning English in 2005. ( We have learned (learnt) English since 2005.

Model 3:
S + no longer + V + ( O/C/A)
S + used to + V + (O/C/A) ( S + V (not ) + (O/C/A) any more
S + often/ always V2/ V-ed + ( O/C/A)


He used to sleep in class. ( He no longer sleeps in class./ He doesn’t sleep in class any more.
He usually ate in class when he was young. ( He used to eat in class when he was young.

Model 4:

S + have/ has not + V3/ V-ed + since/ for... ( It is + time...+ since S +V2/Ved...


I haven’t seen my farther since last month. ( It’s one month since I (last) saw my father.
Tom and Marie have been keypals for two years. ( It is five years since Tom and Marie were keypals.

Model 5:
S + have/ has (not) + V3/ V-ed...(before) ( It’s the first time S + have/ has + V3/V-ed...
(never)


Jason hasn’t met that man here before. ( It’s the first time Jason has met that man here.
I have never read this book (before). ( It’s the first time I have read this book.

Model 6:
S + have/ has not + V3/ed...+ since/ for ... ( S + last V2/Ved ... WHEN S +V2/ed
( The last time + S +V2/ed + was...

 I haven’t heard him since August. ( The last time I heard him was in August.
I haven’t seen him since I was a student. ( I last saw him when I was a student.
* Notes: Since 6 o’clock ( at 6/ since August/ 2005 ( in August/ in 2005
Since Monday ( on Monday/ since last week ( a week ago.
Since + S + V... ( when S + V ...
Model 7:
S + have/ has ( not) + V3/ed... for (time) ( It is (time) since S ( last) + V2/V-ed...


I haven’t seen her for three weeks. ( It’s three weeks since I last saw her.
Jason has learned Vietnamese for two years. ( It’s two years since Jason began to learn Vietnamese.
* We can add “ began or started” – instead of “ last” to verbs with progressive nature; learn, study, work, lie, sit, stay, wait...

Model 8:
Hardly/ Scarcely had + Sa + V3/ed... when Sb + V2/V ed + ...
Sa + had hardly/ scarcely + V3/ed... when Sb + V2/ V ed + ...



No sooner had + S1 + V3/ed... than Sb + V2/ V ed + ... .
Sa + had no sooner + V3/ed... than Sb + V2/ V ed + ...


He had hardly seen me when he ran away. ( No sooner had he seen me than he ran away.
Scarcely had Jason sat down when the phone rang. ( Jason had no sooner sat down than the phone rang.

Model 9:
be be
S + ( used to + V-ing/ N ( S + ( accustomed to + V-ing/ N
get get


John is accustomed to swimming every day. ( John is used to swimming every day.

Model 10:
S + V2 + not ..... until S + V +.../ until + phrase

 ( (
It was not until S + V...../ phrase... that S + V + ...

 Emma didn’t begin to read until she was ten