TIẾN HÓA CỦA NGƯỜI PHẦN B

Bộ Linh trưởng
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Linh trưởng cổ
Opposable thumb
Binocular vision
Fingernails usually
Mammary glands reduced to one thoracic pair
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Prosimians
Large ears and eyes
Wet nose

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Tarsier
Big eyes
Elongated tarsal bones
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Lemur
Long fury tail
Claws on some digits
Elongated cranium
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Anthropoids or Simians
Fully binocular vision
Reduced olfactory organs
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New World Monkey
Prehensile tail
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Old World Monkey
Tail not prehensile
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Hominoid
Apes and Man
No tail
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Orangutan
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Gorilla

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Chimpanzee
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Hominid

Bipedal
Weight bearing pelvis
Loss of opposable toe
Flattened face
Enlarged frontal lob
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Australopithecus
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Homo
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Animal Connection
Humans share many traits with animals
We are most similar to apes
Same 206 bones
All but 3 of 650 muscles the same
DNA is 98% the same
Same blood types
Albino Gorilla
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Why are we so similar to apes?
Modern apes and modern man share a common ancestor who lived about 7 million years ago
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Sequence of Human Evolution
Hundreds of fossils have been found
Some of the major fossils will be discussed in this presentation
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Australopithecus afarensis
3.5 million years ago
Nicknamed Lucy
Walked upright
Small brain
Skeleton human like
Feet
Pelvis
Upright stance

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Comparative Anatomy
Gorilla pelvis adapted for knuckle walking
Human pelvis adapted for upright walking
Lucy’s pelvis very similar to human pelvis
Lucy
Human
Gorilla
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Knuckle Walking
Requires an elongated pelvis and long arms
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Lucy’s pelvis allowed her to walk like a human instead of an ape.
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Fossilized Footprints
Footprints left when a a pair of Australopithecines walked in the ash of a recently erupted volcano
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Skull Anatomy
Thick brow ridges like a chimpanzee
Cranial capacity 400 cc. Chimp 350 cc.
Teeth similar to human teeth
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Lucy: A Transitional Fossil
Transitional fossil shows characteristics of two kinds of animals
Represent the transition from one organism to another
Ape characteristics
Skull
Cranial capacity
Human characteristics
Walked upright
Feet
Pelvis

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Australopithecus africanus
2.8 million years ago
Cranial capacity 460 cc
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Homo habilis
Cranial capacity 630 cc
Flatter face than Australopithecines
Used tools
Nicknamed handy man
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Homo erectus
1.8 million to 35,000 years ago
1,000 cc cranial capacity
Large brow ridges
Sloping forehead
More advanced tools than H. habilis
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Homo erectus
Skeleton very similar to modern man
Used fire
Traveled
Fossils found in Africa, Europe, China, Indonesia
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Homo neanderthalensis
200,000 to 25,000 years ago
Cranial capacity up to 1750 cc
Larger than modern man
No chin
Sloping forehead
Buried dead with tools and flowers
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Neanderthal Man
Mitochondrial DNA studies indicate he was not a direct human ancestor
Contemporary species with early Homo sapiens
H. sapiens out competed H. neaderthalensis

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Homo sapiens
200,000 years ago to present
Photo is a skull 35,000 years old
1400 cc cranial capacity
Vertical forehead
Pronounced chin
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Modern Homo sapiens
Small front teeth
Small brow ridges
Rounded cranium
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Sequence of Human Evolution
One of several possibilities
Homo sapiens
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Evolution of Skull
Cranial capacity increases for a larger brain
Face become flatter
Brow ridges become smaller
Forehead becomes higher
Chin develops
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Sahelanthropus tchadensis
6 to 7 million years ago
Flat face like Homo
Cranial capacity about the same as a chimp
Walked upright
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The End