Stress Patterns

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ENGLISH PHONETICS
+ Elision
+ Weak forms vs. Strong forms
+ Word stress
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Elision
Elided sounds can be pronounced or not.
Learners do not need to learn elision,…
…, but should be aware of it for their better listening comprehension.
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Elision
4 ways of transcriptionː
dictionary /ˈdɪkʃənəri/
dictionary /ˈdɪkʃ(ə)n(ə)ri/
dictionary /ˈdɪkʃnri/
dictionary /ˈdɪkʃənəri/
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/ə/  /ə/ before /n/, /l/, and /r/

student /ˈstjuːdənt/
secretary /ˈsekrətəri/
special /ˈspeʃəl/
Elision
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Elision
/r/  /r/ Final ‘r’
Usually elided in B.E Pronounced before a vowel

teacher /ˈtiːtʃər/
I’m a teacher. (/r/ elided.)
I’m a teacher of math. (/r/ pronounced.)
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Elision
stop + (stop) + stop


looked back /lʊk(t) bæk/
stopped crying /stɒp(t) ˈkraɪɪŋ/
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Elision
stop + (stop) + fricative


acts /æk(t)s/
scripts /skrɪp(t)s/
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Elision
fricative + (stop) + fricative


asks /ɑːs(k)s/

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Elision
of  /ə/ : before a consonant


a lot of money /ə lɒt ə ˈmʌni/
full of time /fʊl ə taɪm/
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Weak forms vs. Strong forms
Functional/grammatical words (auxiliary verbs, prepositions, conjunctions, pronouns, articles)ː
Normally pronounced in the weak form.
Except at the end of the sentence, …
…, and given stress for purpose of emphasis.
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Weak forms vs. Strong forms
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Weak forms vs. Strong forms
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Weak forms vs. Strong forms
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Weak forms vs. Strong forms
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Weak forms vs. Strong forms
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Weak forms vs. Strong forms
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Weak forms vs. Strong forms
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Weak forms vs. Strong forms
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Weak forms vs. Strong forms
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Weak forms vs. Strong forms
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Weak forms vs. Strong forms
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Weak forms vs. Strong forms
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Weak forms vs. Strong forms
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Weak forms vs. Strong forms
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Weak forms vs. Strong forms
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Weak forms vs. Strong forms
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Weak forms vs. Strong forms
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Stress
The nature of stress:
Louder
Longer
More qualified vowels
Higher
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Stress pattern rules
Two syllable verbs
refer /rɪˈfɜːr/
design /dɪˈzaɪn/
perfect /pəˈfekt/
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Stress pattern rules
Two syllable verbs
visit /ˈvɪzɪt/
borrow /ˈbɒrəʊ/
open /ˈəʊpən/
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Stress pattern rules
Two syllable nouns
routine /ruːˈtiːn/
design /dɪˈzaɪn/
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Stress pattern rules
Two syllable nouns
student /ˈstjuːdənt/
sorrow /ˈsɒrəʊ/
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Stress pattern rules
Three syllable verbs
consider /kənˈsɪdər/
determine /dɪˈtɜːmɪn/
interpret /ɪnˈtɜːprɪt/
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Stress pattern rules
Three syllable verbs
introduce /ˌɪntrəˈdjuːs/
entertain /ˌentəˈteɪn/
recollect /ˌrekəˈlekt/
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Stress pattern rules
Three syllable verbs
concentrate /ˈkɒnsəntreɪt/
certify /ˈsɜːtɪfaɪ/
criticise /ˈkrɪtɪsaɪz/
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Stress pattern rules
Three syllable nouns
potato /pəˈteɪtəʊ/
disaster /dɪˈzɑːstər/
mimosa /mɪˈməʊzə/
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Stress pattern rules
Three syllable nouns
cinema /ˈsɪnɪmə/
camera /ˈkæmərə/
evidence /ˈevɪdəns/
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Stress pattern rules
Three syllable nouns
photograph /ˈfəʊtəɡrɑːf/
marigold /ˈmærɪɡəʊld/
intellect /ˈɪntɪlekt/
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Stress pattern rules
Compound words
handbag /ˈhændbæɡ/
schoolyard /ˈskuːjɑːrd/
taxi driver /ˈtæksi ˌdraɪvər/
ˈNOUN + NOUN
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Stress pattern rules
Compound words
loudspeaker /laʊˈspiːkər/
first class /fəst ˈklɑːs /
bad-tempered /bæd ˌtempəd/
ADJ + ˈNOUN
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Stress pattern rules
Compound words
greenhouse /ˈɡriːnhaʊs/
gentleman /ˈdʒentlmən/
background /ˈbækɡraʊnd/
blackboard /ˈblækbɔːd/
blackmail /ˈblækmeɪl/
ADJ + ˈNOUN
Exceptions (1/2)
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Stress pattern rules
Compound words
supermarket /ˈsuːpəˌmɑːkɪt/
superstructure /ˈsuːpəˌstrʌktʃər/
infrastructure /ˈɪnfrəˌstrʌktʃər/
blueprint /ˈbluːprɪnt/
White House /ˈwaɪt haʊs/
ADJ + ˈNOUN
Exceptions (2/2)
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Stress pattern rules
Complex words

PREFIX + STEM + SUFFIX
happy
unhappy
happiness
unhappiness
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Stress pattern rules
Prefixes
No rule for prefixes



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Stress pattern rules
Suffixes
Suffixes that carry primary stress:
_ain entertain
_ee trainee (but employee)
_eer engineer
_ese Vietnamese
_ette cigarette
_esque picturesque
_ique technique
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Stress pattern rules
Suffixes
Suffixes that carry primary stress before them:
_eous advantageous
_graphy geography
_ial potential
_ic economic
_ion international
_ious delicious
_ity ability
_ive expensive
_itive/ative talkative
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Stress pattern rules
Word-class pairs
Stress varies according to the word form:
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Stress pattern rules
Word-class pairs
Stress varies according to the word form:
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Stress pattern rules
Word-class pairs
Stress varies according to the word form:
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Stress pattern rules
Word-class pairs
Stress varies according to the word form:
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Stress pattern rules
Word-class pairs
Stress varies according to the word form:
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Stress pattern rules
Word-class pairs
Stress varies according to the word form:
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Stress pattern rules
Word-class pairs
Stress varies according to the word form:
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Stress pattern rules
Word-class pairs
Stress varies according to the word form:
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Stress pattern rules
Word-class pairs
Stress varies according to the word form:
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Stress pattern rules
Word-class pairs
Stress varies according to the word form:
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Stress pattern rules
Word-class pairs
Stress varies according to the word form:
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Stress pattern rules
Word-class pairs
Stress varies according to the word form:
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Stress pattern rules
Word-class pairs
Stress varies according to the word form:
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Stress pattern rules
Word-class pairs
Stress varies according to the word form:
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Stress pattern rules
Word-class pairs
Stress varies according to the word form:
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Stress pattern rules
Word-class pairs
Stress varies according to the word form:
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Stress pattern rules
Word-class pairs
Stress varies according to the word form:
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Stress pattern rules
Word-class pairs
Stress varies according to the word form: