Reported speech.doc

Lối nói trực tiếp/gián tiếp (direct /indirect speech)

1. Lối nói trực tiếp và gián tiếp (direct/ indirect speech)
Trong câu trực tiếp thông tin đi thẳng từ người thứ nhất sang người thứ hai (người thứ nhất nói trực tiếp với người thứ hai). Trong lời nói trực tiếp chúng ta ghi lại chính xác những từ, ngữ mà người nói dùng. Lới nói trực tiếp phải được đặt trong dấu ngoặc kép.
He said “I bought a new motorbike for myself yesterday”. “I love you”, she said.
Trong câu gián tiếp, thông tin đi từ người thứ nhất qua người thứ hai đến người thứ ba. Khi đó câu có biến đổi về mặt ngữ pháp.
He said he had bought a new motorbike for himself the day before.

2. Quy tắc chuyển từ trực tiếp sang gián tiếp 2.1. Quy tắc chuyển từ lối nói trực tiếp sang gián tiếp: lùi một thời
Simple present –> simple past Present progressive –> past progressive Present perfect –> past perfect Simple past –> past perfect Past progressive –> past perfect progressive Simple future –> would + V Can/may/must –> could /might/had to
2.2. Các chuyển đổi khác:
– Đại từ nhân xưng:
I –> he/she We –> they You –> I/ we (tân ngữ và tính từ sở hữu chuyển theo nhân xưng chủ ngữ)
– Trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn:
Here –> there This –> that These –> those
– Trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian:
Today –> that day Tomorrow –> the next day/ the following day Yesterday –> the day before/ the previous day Last week –> the week before/ the previous week The day after tomorrow –> in 2 days’ time The day before yesterday –> two days before. Now –> then Ago –> before
2.3. Các trường hợp không đổi thời
– Sự thật, sự việc luôn luôn đúng:
“The earth moves round the sun” he said. –> He said that the earth moves round the sun.
– Câu điều kiện loại II và III:
“If I were you, I would leave here” he said. –> He said that if he were me, he would leave there.
– Wish + past simple/ past perfect:
“I wish I lived in Da Nang”, he said. –> He said he wished he lived in Da Nang.
– Cấu trúc “it’s time somebody did something”:
“It’s time he woke up”, she said. –> She said it was time he woke up.
– Would/ should/ ought to/ had better/ used to không chuyển:
“ You’d better work hard” he said –> He said that I had better work hard.
2.4. Các cách chuyển đổi cơ bản A. Say that + a statement –> agree (đồng ý), refuse (từ chối), offer (đề nghị), promise (hứa), threaten + the infinitive (dọa)
“All right, I’ll help you” he said. –> He agreed to help me. “ Oh, no, I won’t come to your party”, he said. –> He refused to come to my party. “I’ll look for the cat for you tomorrow if you like” he said. –> He offered to look after the cat for me the next day if I liked. “I’ll visit your parents when I arrive there”, he said –> He promised to visit my parents when he arrived there. “I’ll sell the TV set if you keep on watching it all day”, said the father –> The father threatened to sell the TV set if he kept on watching it all day
B. Say that + a statement –> accuse …of (buộc tội), admit (thừa nhận), apologise for (xin lỗi), deny (từ chối), insist on + V-ing (khăng khăng)
“You stole the jewels” said the inspector –> The inspector accused her of stealing the jewels. “I’ve made the wall dirty” said one student. –> One student admitted making the wall dirty. “I’m sorry I’m late” she said. –> She apologized for being late. “No, we didn’t enter the garden” said the boy. –> The boy denied entering my garden. “Certainly, I’ll buy that car for you”, said he. –> He insisted on buying me that car.
C. Say to somebody + a statement –> told somebody + that + clause
“I’ve finished all my homework”, he said to me. –> He told me that he had finished all his homework.
D. Say + a statement –> said that + clause
“I’m going to Hanoi tomorrow”, he said. –> He said that he was going to Hanoi the next day.
E. Statement