RELATIVE CLAUSE

RELATIVE CLAUSE(part 1)





I/ Relative pronouns: Who ,whom, which, where, when, whose ,why , what, that .
II/Relative clauses: 1/ The Relative pronounis the subject of the relative clause : Ex : I don`t like the man . He lives next door . ---> I don`t like the man who lives next door. I don`t like the book . It tells about a famous actor. ---> I don`t like the book which tells about a famous actor. NOTE:"That" can replace " who" and " which" The relative pronoun can`t be omitted. 2/ The relative pronoun is the object of the relative clause : Ex: Have you read the book ?. I lent you that book last week. ---> Have you read the book which I lent you last week ? I like the shirt . You are wearing it. --> I like the shirt which you are wearing. NOTE: "That" can replace " Who"," whom" and " which". The relative pronoun can be omitted. 3/ The relative clause with preposition: Ex:I don`t like the hotel . We are living in that hotel ---> I don`t like the hotel which we are living in. (OR) --> I don`t like the hotel in which we are living. That girl is my sister.You are talking about her --> The girl who/(whom)you are talking about is my sister. (OR) --> The girl about whom you are talking is my sister. NOTE: " That"can replace "who" ," whom" and " which" when the preposition is at the end of the relative clause. In formal English preposition are pled before the relative pronoun. III/There are 3 kinds of relative clause : Defining, non- defining and connective.A/Defining relative clauses : 1/ A defining relative clause specifies which person or thing we mean . It can not be separated from the person or thing it describes Ex: The man who told me this refused to give me his name ( "Who told me this " is a defining relative clause . If we omit this . it is not clear what the man talking about ) Notice that there is no comma between a noun and a defining relative clause. -Defining relative clause usually follow "the"+ Noun but they can be also be used with " a/an" + noun, plural nouns without "the" and the pronouns : all, none , anybody , somebody... and those . -Clauses following " a/an"+ noun , plural nouns without "the/somebody/someone"...sometimes define their noun/ pronoun only indirectly.The noun/ pronoun in these cases is usually the object of a verb or preposition. Ex: A doctor is a person/ someone who gives patients medical treatment. I met a person who said he knew you. -Sometimes these clauses are separated from their noun/ pronoun by a word or phrase Ex: I saw something in the paper which would interest you -But normally, relative clauses should be placed directly after their noun /pronoun Ex : Is there anything i can do to help ? The noise that he made woke everybody up. 2/ Relative pronouns used in defining relative clauses : +/ For persons -- Subject :who /that -- Object : who/whom/that --possesive : whose a/ Subject : who/ that "Who" is normally used but "that" is a possible alternative after " all/ everyone/ everybody/noone/ nobody/ those Ex: The man who has just come is our headmaster . Only those who had booked in advance were allowed in. b/ Object of a verb :Who/whom/that"Whom" is the Object form of " who" and is used formally in object clauses Ex: He is a person whom you can rely on -However, this is noun felt to be excessively formal by most speakers and " who" is commonly used instead ( that is more usual than "who").And it is still more common to omit the object pronoun altogether. Ex: The man whom i saw told me to come back today. (OR) The man who i saw..../The man i saw...../ The man that i saw .... c/ With a preposition : Whom/ that - In formal English " whom" has to be used if it follows a preposition. Ex : To whom Am I speaking? -In formal speech , however, it is more usual to move the preposition to the end of the clause. "Whom" then is often replaced by " that", but it`s still common to omit the relative altogether. Ex: The man to whon i spoke. (OR) The man who/ whom i spoke to (