Pro-forms'relation

Pro- forms’ Relations
I. Pro-forms in relation to
Verb clauses
Verbs of bodily sensation (feel, hurt, itch, ache…)
Not allow the full range of substitutions
Just admit :
Do pro-form
Complex pro-forms
+ the type: so do
+ the type: so…do
1. Verbs of bodily sensation
(feel, hurt, itch, ache…)

Examples:
A: John feels much better
B: I know he does. (do pro-form)
Yes, so do I. (the type so do)
Yes, so he does. (the type so…do)

A: John feels much better
B: I know he does so. (the type do so)
Yes, he does that. (the type do that)
Yes, he does it. (the type do it)
Task: Give examples!
Acceptable
Unacceptable
I. Pro-forms in relation to
Verb clauses
2. Activity and Momentary verbs:
- Can be replaced of full range pro-forms
Activity verbs (ask, drink, call…)
A: He asked her for money.
B: I wonder why he did so/ that/ it.
Yes, and so did I.
Yes, so he did.
Task: Give examples!

I. Pro-forms in relation to
Verb clauses
2. Activity and Momentary verbs:
b. Momentary verbs: (hit, jump, kick, tap…)
A: Bob kicked the door several times.
B: He always does so/ it/ that.
Yes, and so did Peter.
Yes, so he did. I can see the marks.
Task: Give examples!
II. Pro-forms in relation to
Adverbials
Time or Place adjuncts:

The pro-form need not cover them in the antecedent (previous) clause.
Examples:
A: John paid for the ticket tonight. (time adjunct)
B: Yes, he did so last week. (time adjunct)
Task: Give examples!

II. Pro-forms in relation to
Adverbials
2. Conjunct or Disjunct

The pro-forms exclude them of the antecedent (previous) predicate.
Example:
A: Bob usually walks to school.
B: Does he? (…usually walks to school)

A: Bob wisely walks to school.
B: Does he? (…walks to school)
III. Pro-forms in Relation to
Co-referential subjects
The type do so:
is used if subject of clause is not co-referential with that of the antecedent (previous) clause:
Example:
A: John buys his drinks at local supermarket
B: So do we.
III. Pro-forms in Relation to
Co-referential subjects
2. The type so…do:
Is used in both co-referential and not co-referential with the antecedent clause.
Example:
A: John buys his drinks at local supermarket
B: So he does. I’ve forgotten.
So lots of other people do.
Co-referential
Not co-referential
IV. Operator in Pro-forms
The type: do so, do that, do it:
Require an additional do as operator.
Example:
A: Do they buy their drinks at the local supermarket?
B: Yes, but they don’t do so.
A: John swims a lot.
B: Does Bob do that?
A: Bill didn’t damage his father’s car.
B: Oh, but he did do that.
IV. Operator in Pro-forms
2. Pro-form is an operator:
Example:
A: Some people can drive.
B: Yes, but Peter can’t ( operator + pro-form)
V. Exclusion of pro-form types
from certain clauses
The pro-forms in Non-finite clause:
Must use complex pro-form.
A: Peter hunts rabbits
B: Yes, I have noticed him doing.
Yes, I have watched him do.
I know. He wanted me to do too.
B: Yes, I have noticed him doing so.
Yes, I have watched him do it.
I know. He wanted me to do it too
Not accepted
accepted
V. Exclusion of pro-form types
from certain clauses
2. The pro-forms with to infinitive clause:
Is ellipsis of the infinitive clause, to alone being retained.
Examples:
A: Peter hunts rabbits.
B: I know. He wanted me to (do), also.
V. Exclusion of pro-form types
from certain clauses
3. The pro-forms in imperative clause:
The type so…do, so do, do so can function in an imperative clause.
Example:
A: Wash your hands!
B: So (you) do.
So do (you).
(You) do so
Exercises – Substitution
Part 1: Review theory:
1. Fill in the blank:
Like ellipsis, substitution is a device for……(1)………….and avoiding ……(2)……..
Substitution are normally………(3)…….
The most obvious pro-form for noun phrases are……(4)……..pronoun.
2. answer the questions:
Lists all kind of pro-form?
What is the complex pro-form?
abbreviating
repetition
unstressed
The 3rd person
Exercises – Substitution
Part 2: Practical exercises:
Reply in the affirmative to each of these questions below, using a pro-form for the part of sentence underlined.
Eg:
A: Do you have a book?
B: Yes, I have one.
Do you have any stamps?
Have you seen both of those plays?
Is it true that each man had a gun?
Are there enough seats for everyone?
I have your ticket. Do you have my ticket?
Are these gloves your gloves?
Did other people hear what he said?
Is that the waiter who served us?
Yes, I have some
Yes, I have seen both
Yes, it’s true each had a gun
Yes, it’s enough
Yes, I have yours
Yes, these are mine
Yes, others
Yes, the one
Exercises –Logical connectors
Questions:
1. List the name of logical connecter?
2. Give an example about Enumeration?
T/F:
A contrast can not be indicated by antithetic conjuncts.

Concessive conjuncts signal the unexpected, surprising nature of what is being said in view of what was said before.

An inference from what is explicit in the preceding sentence or sentences can be indicated by an inferential conjunct.

The addition relationship is often conveyed by the two subclasses of additive conjuncts, reinforcing and equative conjuncts
F
T
F
T
Thank you for your attention!