Passive voice

PASSIVE VOICE I/Passive voice (P.V): is usually to emphasize the result, the fact or the object of an action ,not the agent. *P.V is used only with Transitive Verb *P.V is used more commonly in written language , especially in the impersonal style of textbooks or report ( to describe an industrial and scientific process, to describe historical and social process or in official rules and procedures) Ex : The ore is usually dug out of the ground. Applications should be made in writing. II/Form General form :
S+Vt+O ( Vt= transitive verb)
-->PV:S(o) + be + P(2)+ (by O) NOTE: *to be in passive sentence is always in the same forms and tenses & main verbs in the active sentence. In P.V: *To verb is changed into to be P(2) *Verb is changed into be P(2) *V-ing is changed into Being P(2) *Modal verbs work in the same way : S+ modal verb + Vt+ O ->P.V : S(o)+modal verb + be+P(2) + (by S) Ex : The windows in being painted . The machine can be taken apart.
BASIC USES of passive voice
I/Agent and instrument: *Agent : A person who does the action in the Passive sentence is called the agent *Instrument : Things which cause something to happen in a passive sentence is called an instrument . Ex: I was hit by a branch ( The branch itself hit me) Iwas hit with a branch ( Some one use a branch to hit me ). II/Transitive and intrasitive verbs : 1/Transitive verbs are the verbs with object. There are 3 kinds of Vt( verb transitive ) ---[b]Memo-trasitive verbB] : verb with 1 object (read, write,...) ---Di-transitive verb :verb with 2 objects(give, bring,pay,hand,show...) ---Complex transitive verb Ex: I read the newspapers yesterday. I gave her a present. --All Vt.s can be made passive except :become, have, get, suit, fit, resemble. 2/Intrasitive verbs are verbs with no object : Ex: The baby is sleeping. The bird flies. 3/Some verbs are both transitive and intransitive verbs . "run" for example : Ex : He ran a shop --> A shop was run by him . He is running --> (no passive) * In this case, we focus on transitive verbs
III/Cases of omitting the agent. 1/When the agent is general : people, they, you , we . *When these sentences are made passive , these general agents can be omitted because they doesn`t give more information . Ex: All over the world, people respect the knowledge -->The knowledge are respected all over the world . 2/ When the agent is obivious : *In Passive sentences , when all people understand who do/does the action, then there is no need to mention the agent again . Ex : The criminal was arrested ( by the police) 3/When the agent is unimportant( we don`t need to know about the agent) Ex:I was advised to worked harder. 4/When the agent is unknown ( we don`t know anything about the agent) Ex:She was killed yesterday 5/When both speakers and listeners know the agent Ex:I was tested thoroughly. 6/When the speaker doesn`t want to mention the agent. Then the agent is omitted. Ex :It has been agreed to increased the salaries by 5% 7/When the speaker want to focus on the action rather than the agent Ex:Mails are delivered to whom addressed
Verbs with 2 objects -This kind of verbs can also be called the Verbs of giving because thet have the same pattern as " give" -In this case, either of these objects can be the subject of a passive sentence -We will use the object which we want to emphasize to be the subject of the passive sentence . Ex: The nurse gives the patient a sleeping pill --> The patient is given a sleeping pill --->A sleeping pill is given to the patient . Other Verbs can be used in this pattern
Cuối bài có file đính kèm 1 số động từ dùng như cách của động từ " give ") Verbs with Object and Complement -This kind of verbs is also called complex transitive verbs. There are some verbs such as: make , find. Ex:.*It made me ill --> I was made ill *People found he had died --> He was found dead