Passive

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Topic: Special cases of passive
People say that…
Negative
Two objects
Causative from
S+V+O+V (bare infinite) (make/know/see/hear/…)
I) People say that.
EX: People say that he is crazy.
It’s said that he is crazy.
He’s said to be crazy.
EX: They believe that the thieves got in through the kitchen window
It’s believed that the thieves got in through the kitchen window
The thieves are believed to have got in through the kitchen window
Active: S1 + V1 (say,believe,…) + that + S2 + V2
Passive:
It+be+V3/ed (said/believed…) that S2 + V2
S2+be+V3/ed(said/believed)+ to V(V2)(the same tense)
S2+be+V3/ed(said/believed)+to have V3/ed (V2) (different)
Some verb often used in this structive are believe, expect, find, know, report, say, think, understand.
I) Negatives
EX: No one has cleaned the floor lately.
The floor hasn’t been cleaned lately.
EX: We didn’t do anything about it.
Nothing was done about it.

No one Reduce(in case no one is a subjects)
in Negatives sentences, anything(objects)
nothing (subjects)
Negative
III) Two objects
EX:He gave the girl a doll.
 The girl was given a doll.
 A doll was given to the girl.
EX: My father bought me some books.
 I was bought some books by my father.
 Some books were bought for me by my father.
IV) Causative form
EX: She has had someone repaint the car.
 She has had the car repainted
EX: They got me to do the housework.
 They got the housework done.
S + have + SB + bare infinite + ST
S + get + SB to infinite + ST
Passive: S + have/get + ST + V3/ed
Question
EX: Who wrote this novel ?
 By whom was this novel written ?
Who was this novel written by ?
Active: Who V + object… ?
Passive: By whom… ?
Who … by ?
V) To infinitive
EX: It is important to finish this exercise.
 It is important for this exercise to be finished.
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