Participle clauses

PARTICIPLE  CLAUSES
What is the difference in meaning between these two sentences:
Seeing an accident ahead, I stopped my car.
Having seen an accident ahead, I stopped my car.
There is not very much difference in meaning between these two pairs of sentences. Sometimes we can use an -ing or past participle clause with similar meanings, as here, although use of the past participle form emphasises that the first action has been completed before the second action begins. Thus, we could paraphrase these two sentences as follows:
Having seen an accident ahead, I stopped my car.
→ I noticed that there had been an accident ahead and stopped my car.
Seeing an accident ahead, I stopped my car.
→ When I saw the accident ahead, I stopped my car.
In general, we tend not to use participle clauses so much in speech. They are too formal.
However, in written English participial clauses can be very useful. As you can see from the examples above, when the subject in the participle clause is the same as the participle in the main clause, they enable us to say the same thing, but with fewer words. 
PARTICIPIAL CLAUSES = ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
Participial clauses often express condition, reason, cause, result or time in a similar way to full adverbial clauses, only more economically. Compare the following:
Used sparingly, this face cream should last you until Christmas.
→ If you use it sparingly, this face cream should last you until Christmas.
Having taken the wrong train, I found myself in Bath, not Bristol.
→ Because I had taken the wrong train, I found myself in Bath, not Bristol.
Passing the theatre on my right, I walked up the steps and could see all the lights on the Thames ahead of me.
→ After I had passed the theatre on my right, I walked up the steps and could see all the lights on the Thames ahead of me.  
Note from the above examples that the -ing form participle is used to talk about past, as well as present events, e.g.:
Talking to you I always feel that my problems will be solved.
→ By talking to you, I always feel that my problems will be solved.
PARTICIPLE CLAUSES FOLLOWING CONJUNCTIONS AND PREPOSITIONS
Participle clauses, with -ing particularly, can be used after various conjunctions and prepositions, such as: when, while, before, after, on, without, instead of. Note the following examples:
Remember to take all your belongings with you when leaving the train.
I sprained my ankle while playing tennis.
Before entering the mosque you must take off your shoes.
After taking everything into consideration, we decided to sell the house.
After having driven 300 miles across country, I arrived to find the house had been sold.
On hearing that my sister was planning to marry him, I decided to leave the flat to her.
Without wanting to seem rude, I must tell you that you are ungrateful.
Instead of listening to my advice, she walked out without saying goodbye.
Note from the above examples that the participle clause normally, but not invariably, comes in front of the main clause
HAVING BEEN + PAST PARTICIPLE
Note that this passive structure can also be used in participle clauses as an alternative to a since-clause Having been invited to the party by Prince William himself, we could hardly refuse to go. ( = Since we had been invited…)
Having been deprived of food for over twenty days, the castaway was fed intravenously at first. Having been unemployed for over two years, I found it difficult to get work.

PARTICIPLE CLAUSES
There are 3 types of participle clause
Past participle
Perfect participle
Present participle
Past participle clauses
Example:
Faced with an angry bull, John decided to jump over the wall. = Because he was faced with ...
Founded 20 years ago, the club is more popular today than ever before. = The club, which was founded 20 years ago, is more ... (Consequence) (Relative clause)
Can you rewrite these sentences with a past participle clause?
Because she was pleased with the children’s behaviour, she bought them all an ice cream.
The new cinema, which is located in the city centre, is very popular
= Pleased with the children’s behaviour ... = Located in the city centre, the new cinema ...
Perfect participle clauses
Example:
Having finished his homework, he went to watch television. After he had finished his homework ...
Having been told the answers in advance, he did very well in the exam. (Time) (Consequence) Because he had been told ...
Can you rewrite these sentences with a perfect participle clause?
Because he had been late for work twice, he decided to catch an earlier train.
→ Having been late for work ...
After he had completed the marathon, he went home and rested for what was left of the day.
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