On thi Tot nghiep 12

NộI DUNG ÔN TậP
1. Tenses
- Simple present, present continuous, present perfect.
- Simple past, past continuous.
- Simple future.
2. Comparison
- Comparative.
- Equal comparison
- Superlative

3. Gerund and Infinitive.
4. Conditional sentences
Conditional sentence - Type I
Conditional sentence - Type II
Conditional sentence - Type III
5. Relative clauses
6. Passive voice
7. Nouns, Adjectives, Adverbs, Pronouns, Articles, Prepositions.






I. Tenses
1. Simple present tense
a. Structures
To Be:
+ S + is/am/are + adj (N / preposition + place)
- S + is/am/are + not + adj (N / preposition + place)
? Is/Am/Are + S + adj (N / preposition + place
Ex: Look at him! He is really handsome.
Ex: Now we are students.
Ex: I am at home.
Ordinary verbs
+ S + V (s/es) + O
- S + don’t/ doesn’t + V + O
? Do/ Does + S + V + O ?
Ex: She washes her clothes everyday.
Ex: I always have lunch at 12.00.
Ex: Peter likes playing chess with me.
b. Usage: Th× HT ®¬n dïng ®Ó diÔn t¶ hµnh ®éng ®­îc lÆp ®i lÆp l¹i, mét së thÝch, mét sù thËt hiÓn nhiªn.
Ex: I usually cycle to school.
He enjoys watching horrible films
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
c. Adverbs: Every day (every summer ...), always, often, usually, never, ever, sometimes...

d. Verbs in simple present tense
Chủ ngữ là ngôi thứ 3 số ít: SHE, HE, IT
- Thêm es sau động từ khi động từ kết thúc là: S, O, SH, CH.
Note: Y -> i +es. ex: studies, hurries...
Ex: go, do, miss, kiss, wash, watch ...
- Thêm s sau động từ trong các trường hợp còn lại.





2. Present continuous tense
a. Structure
S + is/am/are + V-ing + O
Ex: Nam is doing the gardening now.
They are sitting under the tree at the moment.
b. Usage: Th× HTTD dïng ®Ó diÔn t¶ hµnh ®éng ®ang x¶y ra ë thêi ®iÓm nãi.
c. Adverbs: now, at the moment, at present.

3. Present perfect
a. Structure
+ S + have / has + VpII + O
- S + have / has + not + VpII + O
? Have / Has + S + + VpII + O?
Ex: She has just finished her book.
b. Usage: Th× HTHT dïng ®Ó diÔn t¶ hµnh ®éng x¶y ra trong qu¸ khø, kÕt qu¶ l­u ®Õn hiÖn t¹i hoÆc hµnh ®éng ®ã cã thÓ tiÕp diÔn trong t­¬ng lai.



c. Adverbs:
Just, already, never, ever, recently,
so far, yet .
since + mèc thêi gian
for + qu·ng thêi gian
....
d. Verbs in present perfect tense.
§éng tõ cã quy t¾c: V-ed
§éng tõ bÊt quy t¾c: SGK
4. Simple past tense
a. Structures:
+ S + V-ed + O
- S + didn’t + V + O
? Did + S + V + O?
Ex: My father worked here 15 years ago.
My father went on holiday last month.
b. Usage: Th× qu¸ khø dïng ®Ó diÔn t¶ hµnh ®éng x¶y trong qu¸ khø.
c. Adverbs:
ago ( 2 days ago, ten months ago)
last ( last month, last week, last winter)
when- clause.
Ex: I played the piano very well when I was young.
in + n¨m thuéc QK
...
d. Verbs in simple past:
§éng tõ cã quy t¾c: V-ed
§éng tõ bÊt quy t¾c: SGK
5. Past continuous tense
a. Structures:
+ S + was/were + V-ing + O
- S + was/were + not + V-ing + O
? Was/ Were + S + V-ing + O ?
Ex: They were playing football at 5 p.m yesterday.
b. Usage: Th× QKTD dïng ®Ó diÔn t¶ hµnh ®éng ®ang x¶y t¹i mét thêi ®iÓm trong qu¸ khø.
c. Adverbs:
Một thời điểm xác định trong QK
Adverbial clause: When (Dùng để diễn tả một hành động đang xảy ra thì hành động khác cắt ngang)
While (hai hành động xảy ra song song.)
Ex: She was reading a book when I came in.
They were playing chess while I was doing some exercises.

6. Simple future tense
a. Structures:
+ S + will/shall + V + O
- S + won’t/shan’t + V + O
? Will/Shall + S + V + O?
Ex: She will go out when it stops raining.
b. Usage: Th× t­¬ng lai ®¬n gi¶n dïng ®Ó diÔm t¶ hµnh ®éng cã thÓ sÏ x¶y ra trong t­¬ng lai.
c. Adverbs: tomorrow, next ....


II. COmparison
1. Comparative
a. Short adjectives and adverbs
- Structure:
S1 + be + short adj–er + than + S2
V + short adv-er
Ex: My father is older than my mother.
My father speaks English faster than my mother.
b. Long adjectives and adverbs:
- Structures:
S1 + Be + more + long adj + than + S2
V long adv
Ex: This pen is more expensive than that one.
Ex: He drives more carefully than her.
2. Superlative
a. Short adjectives and adverbs
S + be + the + short adj–est + ....
V short adv-est

Ex: Nam is the tallest person in my class.
My brother works the hardest of all.
b. Long adjectives and adverbs:
- Structures:
S+ Be + the most + long adj + ...
V long adv
Ex: Tom is the most intelligent person in my group.
Ted speaks English the most fluently of all.

Note
3. Equal comparison
Structures:
S1 + Be + as/so + adj + as + S2
V adv
Ex: I am as tall as you.
She is as intelligent as he is.
Nam plays the guitar as well as Hung.
Trang writes as carefully as Huong.
III. Gerund and Infinitive
1. Gerund: V-ing
a. Chñ ng÷:
Ex: Swimming is a healthy exercise.
Learning English is not difficult.
b. T©n ng÷ cho ®éng tõ:


c. §øng sau giíi tõ.

d. Bæ ng÷ ®éng tõ to be
Ex: My hobby is playing football.
My great passion is learning.
2. Infinitive
a. S + V + to – infinitive + O.
C¸c ®éng tõ th­êng dïng cÊu tróc trªn.
ask, decide, forget, want, try, refuse, seem, fail, hope, ....
Ex: They refused to wait here.
Nam decided to visit his mother in Paris.

b. S + V + O + to – infinitive.
C¸c ®éng tõ th­êng dïng cÊu tróc trªn.
advise, allow, ask, tell, expect, teach, permit, want, persuade, invite, .....
Ex: Tom advised me to go home.
c. S + V + O + bare infinitive.
C¸c ®éng tõ th­êng dïng cÊu tróc trªn.
have, help, make, let ....
Ex: The boy helps the old woman cross the street.
Mary has her husband iron her clothes.
IV. Conditional sentences.
Conditional sentence – Type I
Structure:
If – clause Main clause
Th× hiÖn t¹i ®¬n Th× t­¬ng lai


Ex: If it is hot, I shall go swimming.
If you don’t get up early, you will go to school late.
b. Usage: C©u ®iÒu kiÖn lo¹i I dïng ®Ó diÔn t¶ hµnh ®éng hoÆc sù viÖc cã thÓ x¶y ra ë hiÖn t¹i hoÆc t­¬ng lai.








2. Conditional sentence – Type II
a. Structure:



Ex: If I were you, I would pass the exam easily.
If she had enough money now, she would buy another house.
a. Usage: C©u ®iÒu kiÖn lo¹i II dïng ®Ó diÔn t¶ hµnh ®éng hoÆc sù viÖc kh«ng cã thùc ë hiÖn t¹i.

V. Relative clause
Relative pronouns: which, that, of which, who, whose, whom, when, where.













Ex:
- James Watt was a Scottish scientist. He invented the steam engine.
-> James Watt, who invented the steam engine, was a Scottish scientist.
- James Watt was a Scottish scientist. His invention of the steam engine is famous throughout the world.
-> James Watt, whose invention of the steam engine is famous throughout the world, was a Scottish scientist.
- That is the woman whom my father met yesterday.
- He bought a new car whose price (the price of which) is very expensive.
- This is the car that/which the police found.
- This is the house where Shakespeare was born.
- He was born in 1983 when there was a severe drought.
* Relative pronouns with prepositions
Khi §TQH lµ t©n ng÷ cña giíi tõ, giíi tõ th­êng ®øng cuèi cña M§QH trong c¸ch nãi kh«ng trang träng.
Ex; The girl whom/that he fell in love with was extremely tall.
Trong v¨n phong trang träng, ng­êi ta ®Æt giíi tõ tr­íc §TQH.
Ex: He was respected by the people with whom he worked.
This is the room in which he was born.
Chó ý: Sau giíi tõ trong M§QH ta kh«ng dïng who/that vµ kh«ng ®­îc bá ®i §TQH.
NÕu ®éng tõ trong M§QH lµ c¸c côm tõ come across (t×nh cê gÆp), fill in, look after, look up to (kÝnh träng), put up with( chÞu ®ùng) ta kh«ng ®­a giíi tõ tr­íc §TQH.
Ex: She is one of the few people (who/that) I look up to.
* Relative clauses replaced by participles and to infinitives
Relative clauses replaced by participles
Ta cã thÓ ®­a thªm th«ng tin vÒ ng­êi hoÆc vËt nµo ®ã, sö dông mÖnh ®Ò ë d¹ng hiÖn t¹i ph©n tõ hoÆc qu¸ khø ph©n tõ. Nh÷ng mÖnh ®Ò nµy th­êng t­¬ng tù nh­ M§QH x¸c ®Þnh b¾t ®Çu víi which, who hoÆc that.
- ing clause: Khi M§QH cã ®éng tõ ë d¹ng chñ ®éng
EX: The man driving the bus is my brother. (The man who is driving the bus is my brother)
The land stretching away to the left all belongs to Mrs. Thompson. (The land which stretches away to the left all belongs to Mrs. Thompson)
VI. Passive voice.
- Simple present, present continuous, present perfect.
- Simple past, past continuous.
- Simple future.
1. Simple present tense.
- structure: S + V + O
S + is/am/are + V-pII + (by agent)
Ex: They grow rice here.
-> Rice is grown here.
2. Present continuous tense
Structure: S + is/am/are + V-ing +O

S + is/am/are + being + V-pII + (by A)
Ex: She isn’t washing her clothes now.
-> Her clothes aren’t being washed now.
3. Present perfect tense
Structure: S + has/have + V-pII + O

S + has/have + been + V-pII + (by A)
Ex: She has finished her book.
-> Her book has been finished.

4. Simple past tense
- structure: S + V-ed + O
S + was/were + V-pII + (by agent)
Ex: No one swept this street.
-> This street wasn’t swept.
5. Past continuous tense
Structure: S + was/were + V-ing +O

S + was/were + being + V-pII + (by A)
Ex: They were waiting for you.
-> You were being waited for.
6. Future tense:
Structure: S + will/shall + V + O
S + will/shall + be + V-pII + (by agent)
Ex: They will build a supermarket there.
-> A supermarket will be built there.
- They may widen this road.
-> This road may be widened.
- They are going to build a supermarket there.
-> A supermarket is going to be built there.

VII. Vocabulary
1. Nouns


2. Adjectives
3. Adverbs
Ex: Nam drives very dangerously.
Mai did the test very quickly.

4. Plural noun
a. N + es: danh tõ kÕt thóc lµ sh, ch, th, s, x, y
dish-> dishes, watch->watches, cloth -> clothes, dress -> dresses, box -> boxes.
b. Danh tõ kÕt thóc lµ f, fe -> v +es.
life-> lives; knife-> knives; leaf-> leaves.
c. N + s: Tr­êng hîp cßn l¹i
d. Tr­êng hîp ®Æc biÖt
child – children, woman –women, man –men,
ox-> oxen, ...
e. Danh tõ lu«n ë d¹ng sè nhiÒu: people, police, cattle.

VIII. Structures
a. S + be + Adj + enough (for sb)+ to do sth.
Ex: He is tall enough to take part in army.
Water isn’t warm enough for my children to swim.
b. S + be + too + Adj + (for sb) + to do sth.
Ex: This cake is too hard for me to eat.

c. S + be + so + adj + that + clause
V adv
Ex: Mai is so intelligent that she can answer all my questions easily.
My father speaks so fast that no one can understand him.
d. S + be + such + noun phrase + that + clause.
Ex: Mai is such an intelligent person that she can answer all my questions easily.
They are such hard workers that they can finish their work in two hours.
thank you!
have a good exam !