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E_English Grammar Course
Unit 5
Lecture 5. Verb & its complements
1. Different classifications of English verbs
2. Grammatical categories of the verb
3. Intensive complementation
4. Monotransitive complementation
5. Ditransitive complementation
6. Complextransitive complementation
Issues
Click at the underlined to view the whole explanation
Classifications of English verbs
1
Verb
1/1
according to
classified
Possibility of admitting progressive aspect
Functions of items

Complementation

Structure

= words or phrases
indicating an action,
an event, or a state
E.g.: kiss, break out, have
Classifications of English verbs
1
Verbs
1/1
according to
classified
Functions of items

Lexical verbs
Auxiliary verbs
Classifications of English verbs
1
Verbs
1/1
according to
classified
Functions of items

Lexical verbs
Auxiliary verbs
Regular
Irregular
E.g.: book, booked, booked
E.g.: teach, taught, taught
Classifications of English verbs
1
Verbs
1/1
according to
classified
Functions of items

Lexical verbs
Auxiliary verbs
Primary

Modal

Marginal
modal auxiliary
Classifications of English verbs
1
Verbs
1/1
according to
classified
Functions of items

Lexical verbs
Auxiliary verbs
Primary

Modal

Marginal
modal auxiliary
include: do, have, be
change meaning when becoming a
full verb
E.g.: I am a student. vs. I am reading.
Classifications of English verbs
1
Verbs
1/1
according to
classified
Functions of items

Lexical verbs
Auxiliary verbs
Primary

Modal

Marginal
modal auxiliary
include:
Can – could
May – Might
Shall-should
Will-would
Must
Ought to
Classifications of English verbs
1
Verbs
1/1
according to
classified
Functions of items

Lexical verbs
Auxiliary verbs
Primary

Modal

Marginal
modal auxiliary
include: used to, dare, need
Classifications of English verbs
1
Verbs
1/1
according to
classified
Complementation

Intensive verbs
Extensive verbs
Classifications of English verbs
1
Verbs
1/1
according to
classified
Complementation

Intensive verbs
Current copular
Resulting copular
E.g.: be, appear, feel, look,
remain, seem
E.g.: become, get, go,
grow, turn, make
connect S & C
have the pattern:
SVC or SVA(obli)
E.g.: I feel tired.
He’s in the cab.
Extensive verbs
Classifications of English verbs
1
Verbs
1/1
according to
classified
Complementation

Extensive verbs
Intransitive
Transitive
Intensive verbs
Classifications of English verbs
1
Verbs
1/1
according to
classified
Complementation

Extensive verbs
Intransitive
Transitive
Intensive verbs
require no Object
have the pattern: SV
make complete sense
themselves
E.g.: He’s singing.
The baby cried.
Classifications of English verbs
1
Verbs
1/1
according to
classified
Complementation

Extensive verbs
Intransitive
Transitive
Intensive verbs
Mono-transitive
Di-transitive
Complex-transitive
Classifications of English verbs
1
Verbs
1/1
according to
classified
Complementation

Extensive verbs
Intransitive
Transitive
Intensive verbs
Mono-transitive
Di-transitive
Complex-transitive
require one direct Object (Od)
have the pattern: SVOd
E.g.: I kissed her.
He caught the ball.
Classifications of English verbs
1
Verbs
1/1
according to
classified
Complementation

Extensive verbs
Intransitive
Transitive
Intensive verbs
Mono-transitive
Di-transitive
Complex-transitive
require both direct Object (Od) & indirect Object (Oi)
have the pattern: SVOdOi
E.g.: I gave her such a lovely present.
Classifications of English verbs
1
Verbs
1/1
according to
classified
Complementation

Extensive verbs
Intransitive
Transitive
Intensive verbs
Mono-transitive
Di-transitive
Complex-transitive
require Object and Object Complement
(Co) or Obligatory Averbial (A(obli))
have the pattern: SVOCo or SVOA(obli)
E.g.: He made me really crazy.
He sent his son to the kindergarten.
Classifications of English verbs
1
Verbs
1/1
according to
classified
Possibility of admitting progressive aspect
Stative verbs
Dynamic verbs
Classifications of English verbs
1
Verbs
1/1
according to
classified
Possibility of admitting progressive aspect
Stative verbs
Verbs of inert perception & recognition
Relational verbs
= verbs that show the
condition or status
and do not accept the
progressive aspect
E.g.: I am a boy.
It feels thin.
Classifications of English verbs
1
Verbs
1/1
according to
classified
Possibility of admitting progressive aspect
Stative verbs
Verbs of inert perception & recognition
Relational verbs
adore, astonish, believe, hate, hear,
impress, know, like, etc.
E.g.: I like you
He said he hated cooking.
Classifications of English verbs
1
Verbs
1/1
according to
classified
Possibility of admitting progressive aspect
Stative verbs
Verbs of inert perception & recognition
Relational verbs
apply to, equal, deserve, involve, lack, matter, need, owe, resemble, possess,
sound, tend, etc.
E.g.: She resembles her mother.
Classifications of English verbs
1
Verbs
1/1
according to
classified
Possibility of admitting progressive aspect
Dynamic verbs
Verbs of body sensation
Activity verbs
Transitional event verbs
Momentary verbs
Process verbs
= verbs that show the action or the
change of status
E.g.: She learns English.
He hit me.
She is English. ( ‘is’ isn’t
dynamic verb because it denotes a
permanent status)
Classifications of English verbs
1
Verbs
1/1
according to
classified
Possibility of admitting progressive aspect
Dynamic verbs
Verbs of body sensation
Activities verbs
Transitional event verbs
Momentary verbs
Process verbs
ache, hurt, itch, fell, etc.
Classifications of English verbs
1
Verbs
1/1
according to
classified
Possibility of admitting progressive aspect
Dynamic verbs
Verbs of body sensation
Activities verbs
Transitional event verbs
Momentary verbs
Process verbs
ask, eat, help, learn, say, throw, write etc.
Classifications of English verbs
1
Verbs
1/1
according to
classified
Possibility of admitting progressive aspect
Dynamic verbs
Verbs of body sensation
Activities verbs
Transitional event verbs
Momentary verbs
Process verbs
arrive, land, leave, lose, die etc.
Classifications of English verbs
1
Verbs
1/1
according to
classified
Possibility of admitting progressive aspect
Dynamic verbs
Verbs of body sensation
Activities verbs
Transitional event verbs
Momentary verbs
Process verbs
hit, jump, kick, knock, nod, tap etc.
Classifications of English verbs
1
Verbs
1/1
according to
classified
Possibility of admitting progressive aspect
Dynamic verbs
Verbs of body sensation
Activities verbs
Transitional event verbs
Momentary verbs
Process verbs
change, deteriorate, grow, mature, slow down etc.
Classifications of English verbs
1
Verbs
1/1
according to
classified
Structure

One-word verbs
Multi-word verbs
Finite
Non-finite
+
infinitive
ing-participle
ed-participle
Classifications of English verbs
1
Verbs
1/1
according to
classified
Structure

One-word verbs
as the name suggests, these are verbs of ONE
WORD
E.g.: change, kiss, make, love, etc.
Classifications of English verbs
1
Verbs
1/1
according to
classified
Structure

Multi-word verbs
Phrasal verbs
Prepositional verbs
Phrasal-prepositional verbs
Classifications of English verbs
1
Verbs
1/1
according to
classified
Structure

Multi-word verbs
Phrasal verbs
Prepositional verbs
Phrasal-prepositional verbs
make out, call up, put on, take off, give up, etc.
Classifications of English verbs
1
Verbs
1/1
according to
classified
Structure

Multi-word verbs
Phrasal verbs
Prepositional verbs
Phrasal-prepositional verbs
look up, clear up, get at, etc.
Classifications of English verbs
1
Verbs
1/1
according to
classified
Structure

Multi-word verbs
Phrasal verbs
Prepositional verbs
Phrasal-prepositional verbs
come up with, make up for, stand in for, put up with, etc.
Classifications of English verbs
1
Verbs
1/1
according to
classified
Structure

One-word verbs
Multi-word verbs
Finite
Non-finite
+
E.g.: I am/ He is
a student.
Being a
student, she’s
hardworking.
Grammatical categories of verbs
2
Grammatical categories of verbs
1/1
Tense
Aspect
Mood
Voice
Present
Past
Indicative
Imperative
Subjunctive
Active
Passive
Progressive

Perfective

Perfective-progressive
Simple

Grammatical categories of verbs
2
1/1
Tense
= the correspondence between the form of the verb and
our concept of time
language specific
while TIME: universal, non-linguistic
includes PAST and PRESENT
no FUTURE TENSE because there’s no verb form
corresponding to future time.
E.g.: She is studying now.
(verb form: ing-participle + present time: now
 present time)
Grammatical categories of verbs
2
1/1
Aspect
the manner in which a verbal action is experienced or regarded
with respect to time
progressive aspect: verbal action experienced as in progress
perfective aspect: verbal action experienced as completed
E.g.: I am writing with a special pen. (progressive aspect)
I have written with a special pen. (perfective aspect)
Tense & aspect are intermingled.
Grammatical categories of verbs
2
1/1
Aspect
Tense
&
Grammatical categories of verbs
2
1/1
Mood
= a grammatical category that relates the verb action to such
conditions such as certainty, obligation, necessity, possibility
Indicative
Imperative
Subjunctive
= statement of the fact
= command, request
= non-fact, unreal
E.g.: She’s nice to me.
(fact - indicative)
Be nice to me.
(command - imperative)
I suggest she be nice to me.
(non-fact - subjunctive)
Grammatical categories of verbs
2
1/1
Subjunctive mood
Mandative

Formulaic

Subjunctive “were”
Grammatical categories of verbs
2
1/1
Subjunctive mood
Mandative

Formulaic

Subjunctive “were”
Found in “-that clause” (verbs: recommend, demand,
request, insist, suggest, ask, it is necessary that)
Form: the base
Aim: to be formal
E.g.: The chairman demands that the farmer kill all his
chicken.
It is necessary that every student pay the tuition
fee.
Grammatical categories of verbs
2
1/1
Subjunctive mood
Mandative

Formulaic

Subjunctive “were”
Found in clause in certain set expressions
Form: the base
E.g.: May god bless you.
Long live the King.
God save the Queen.
Come what may, we’ll go ahead.
Grammatical categories of verbs
2
1/1
Subjunctive mood
Mandative

Formulaic

Subjunctive “were”
Found in conditional & concessive clauses,
subordinate clauses after verbs like Wish and Suppose
Form: WERE
Meaning: hypothetical/unreal
E.g.: If I were rich, I would buy you anything you wanted.
Just suppose everyone were to give up smoking.
Grammatical categories of verbs
2
1/1
Voice
= a grammatical category that makes it possible to view
the action of a sentence in either of two ways, without
change in the facts reported
include: passive and active voice
E.g.: He ate all the apples. (active)
The dog was bitten by our neighbor. (passive)
Intensive complementation
3
1/1
Intensive verb complementation
(SVC - SVA)
C (complement)
A (adverbial)
Intensive complementation
3
1/1
Intensive verb complementation
(SVC - SVA)
C (complement)
A (adverbial)
Adjective phrase
Nominal phrase
Noun phrase
Intensive complementation
3
1/1
Intensive verb complementation
(SVC - SVA)
C (complement)
A (adverbial)
Adjective phrase
Nominal phrase
Noun phrase
E.g.: She is so crazy.
That is ridiculous!
Intensive complementation
3
1/1
Intensive verb complementation
(SVC - SVA)
C (complement)
A (adverbial)
Adjective phrase
Nominal phrase
Noun phrase
E.g.: She isn’t a good student.
It appears the only solution.
Intensive complementation
3
1/1
Intensive verb complementation
(SVC - SVA)
C (complement)
A (adverbial)
Adjective phrase
Nominal clause
Noun phrase
finite clause
non-finite clause
Intensive complementation
3
1/1
Intensive verb complementation
(SVC - SVA)
C (complement)
A (adverbial)
Adjective phrase
Nominal clause
Noun phrase
finite clause
non-finite clause
“that clause”
E.g.: The problem is that it costs a lot.
“wh-interrogative clause”
E.g.: The problem is not who will go.
“nominal relative clause”
E.g.: Quality is what counts most.
Intensive complementation
3
1/1
Intensive verb complementation
(SVC - SVA)
C (complement)
A (adverbial)
Adjective phrase
Nominal phrase
Noun phrase
finite clause
“bare-infinitive clause”
E.g.: All I did was hit him on the head.
“to-infinitive clause” with(out) “Subject” (S)
E.g.: My wish is to be a pilot. (without S)
The idea is for us to meet at 8. (with S)
“-ing clause”
E.g.: Seeing is believing.
non-finite clause
Mono-transitive complementation
4
1/1
Mono-transitive verb complementation
(SVO)
Noun phrase
Non-finite clause
Finite clause
Mono-transitive complementation
4
1/1
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phrase
Direct object (O)
Prepositional O
With passive
one-word verbs
phrasal verbs
Without passive
Prepositional verbs
Phrasal prepositional verbs
Mono-transitive complementation
4
1/1
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phrase
Direct object (O)
Prepositional O
With passive
one-word verbs
phrasal verbs
Without passive
Prepositional verbs
Phrasal prepositional verbs
E.g.: Tom caught the ball.
The ball was caught by Tom.
Mono-transitive complementation
4
1/1
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phrase
Direct object (O)
Prepositional O
With passive
one-word verbs
phrasal verbs
Without passive
Prepositional verbs
Phrasal prepositional verbs
E.g.: They passed over the question.
The question was passed over.
Mono-transitive complementation
4
1/1
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phrase
Direct object (O)
Prepositional O
With passive
one-word verbs
phrasal verbs
Without passive
Prepositional verbs
Phrasal prepositional verbs
E.g.: She has a nice house.
A house is had by her.
Mono-transitive complementation
4
1/1
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phrase
Direct object (O)
Prepositional O
With passive
one-word verbs
phrasal verbs
Without passive
Prepositional verbs
Phrasal prepositional verbs
E.g.: The management paid for his
air fares.
Mono-transitive complementation
4
1/1
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phrase
Direct object (O)
Prepositional O
With passive
one-word verbs
phrasal verbs
Without passive
Prepositional verbs
Phrasal prepositional verbs
E.g.: He looked down on them.
Mono-transitive complementation
4
1/1
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clause
Wh- clause
Mono-transitive complementation
4
1/1
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clause
Wh- clause
Extraposed subject
that-clause
Extraposed object that-clause
That- clause
as object
E.g.: I don’t care what you are saying.
Tom doubted whether they would come to the party.
I wondered who did make the bed for me.
Can you confirm which flight we are taking?
I realized what a fool I had been.
I know how busy you are.
Mono-transitive complementation
4
1/1
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clause
That- clause as object
Super-ordinate verbs
Subordinate verbs
Mono-transitive complementation
4
1/1
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clause
That- clause as object
Super-ordinate verbs
Subordinate verbs
Major
Minor
Factual
Suasive
Emotive
Hypothesis
Mono-transitive complementation
4
1/1
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clause
That- clause as object
Super-ordinate verbs
Subordinate verbs
Major
Minor
Factual
Suasive
Emotive
Hypothesis
introduce what one might generally describe
as factual or propositional information
E.g.: They agree/admit/claim that she was
misled.
Mono-transitive complementation
4
1/1
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clause
That- clause as object
Super-ordinate verbs
Subordinate verbs
Major
Minor
Factual
Suasive
Emotive
Hypothesis
imply intentions to bring about some change
in the future, whether or not these are verbally
formulated as commands, suggestions, etc
E.g.: The are demanding that she leaves.
Mono-transitive complementation
4
1/1
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clause
That- clause as object
Super-ordinate verbs
Subordinate verbs
Major
Minor
Factual
Suasive
Emotive
Hypothesis
E.g.: I regret that she worry.
Mono-transitive complementation
4
1/1
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clause
That- clause as object
Super-ordinate verbs
Subordinate verbs
Major
Minor
Factual
Suasive
Emotive
Hypothesis
E.g.: I wish that he were here.
Mono-transitive complementation
4
1/1
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clause
That- clause as object
Subordinate verbs
Subjunctive verbs
Putative “should”
Indicative verbs
Super-ordinate verbs
Mono-transitive complementation
4
1/1
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clause
That- clause as object
Subordinate verbs
Subjunctive verbs
Putative “should”
Indicative verbs
Super-ordinate verbs
E.g.: I recommend that he be here.
Mono-transitive complementation
4
1/1
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clause
That- clause as object
Subordinate verbs
Subjunctive verbs
Putative “should”
Indicative verbs
Super-ordinate verbs
E.g.: I insist that he shouldn’t smoke.
Mono-transitive complementation
4
1/1
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clause
That- clause as object
Subordinate verbs
Subjunctive verbs
Putative “should”
Indicative verbs
Super-ordinate verbs
E.g.: I require that he give up smoking.
Mono-transitive complementation
4
1/1
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clause
Wh-infinitive clause
To-infinitive clause
Ing-participle clause
Without subject
With subject
To-infinitive clause
Ing-participle clause
Mono-transitive complementation
4
1/1
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clause
Wh-infinitive clause
To-infinitive clause
Ing-participle clause
Without subject
With subject
To-infinitive clause
Ing-participle clause
E.g.: I don’t like the house to be left empty.
Mono-transitive complementation
4
1/1
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clause
Wh-infinitive clause
To-infinitive clause
Ing-participle clause
Without subject
With subject
To-infinitive clause
Ing-participle clause
E.g.: I dislike him driving my car.
Mono-transitive complementation
4
1/1
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clause
Wh-infinitive clause
To-infinitive clause
Ing-participle clause
Without subject
With subject
To-infinitive clause
Ing-participle clause
E.g.: Mary longed to leave home.
Mono-transitive complementation
4
1/1
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clause
Wh-infinitive clause
To-infinitive clause
Ing-participle clause
Without subject
With subject
To-infinitive clause
Ing-participle clause
E.g.: Mary loves listening to music.
Mono-transitive complementation
4
1/1
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clause
Wh-infinitive clause
To-infinitive clause
Ing-participle clause
Without subject
With subject
To-infinitive clause
Ing-participle clause
E.g.: He learned how to sail a boat as a small child.
You must not forget when to keep your mouth shut.
I could not decide (on) which bicycle to buy.
Di-transitive complementation
5
1/1
Di-transitive verb complementation (SVOO)
Od & Oi = NP
Oi = NP, Od = non-finite clause
Oi = NP, Od = finite clause
Idiomatic expressions: V + NP + Prep
Di-transitive prepositional verbs
Di-transitive complementation
5
1/1
Di-transitive verb complementation (SVOO)
Od & Oi = NP
Oi = NP, Od = non-finite clause
Oi = NP, Od = finite clause
Idiomatic expressions: V + NP + Prep
Di-transitive prepositional verbs
E.g.: He gave the girl a doll.
Di-transitive complementation
5
1/1
Di-transitive verb complementation (SVOO)
Od & Oi = NP
Oi = NP, Od = non-finite clause
Oi = NP, Od = finite clause
Idiomatic expressions: V + NP + Prep
Di-transitive prepositional verbs
E.g.: He persuaded me to give up smoking.
Di-transitive complementation
5
1/1
Di-transitive verb complementation (SVOO)
Od & Oi = NP
Oi = NP, Od = non-finite clause
Oi = NP, Od = finite clause
Idiomatic expressions: V + NP + Prep
Di-transitive prepositional verbs
E.g.: He convinced me that he was right.
Di-transitive complementation
5
1/1
Di-transitive verb complementation (SVOO)
Od & Oi = NP
Oi = NP, Od = non-finite clause
Oi = NP, Od = finite clause
Idiomatic expressions: V + NP + Prep
Di-transitive prepositional verbs
verbs combined with certain NPs followed by prepositions
 two passive forms of the sentence
these expressions include: catch sight of, make fun of, take
account of, give way to, etc.
E.g.: They make best use of the garage.
The garage is made best use of.
Best use is made of the garage.
Di-transitive complementation
5
1/1
Di-transitive verb complementation (SVOO)
Od & Oi = NP
Oi = NP, Od = non-finite clause
Oi = NP, Od = finite clause
Idiomatic expressions: V + NP + Prep
Di-transitive prepositional verbs
Od introduced by a preposition
one passive form with Oi only
these verbs include: remind of, charge with, compare to,
rob of, refer to, etc.
E.g.: He reminds me of the agreement.
I am reminded of the agreement.
Exceptions for: explain, provide, supply, blame, etc.
E.g.: He explained it to me.
It was explained to me.
I was explained about it.
Complex-transitive complementation
6
1/1
Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOA - SVOC)
Adjectival Object Complement (Co)
Nominal Co
Adverbials
To-infinitive
Bare-infinitive
Ing-clause
Ed-clause
Complex-transitive complementation
6
1/1
Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOdA - SVOdC)
Adjectival Object Complement (Co)
Nominal Co
Adverbials
To-infinitive
Bare-infinitive
Ing-clause
Ed-clause
E.g.: He drives me crazy.
Complex-transitive complementation
6
1/1
Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOdA - SVOdC)
Adjectival Object Complement (Co)
Nominal Co
Adverbials
To-infinitive
Bare-infinitive
Ing-clause
Ed-clause
E.g.: The Queen appointed William her personal secretary.
Complex-transitive complementation
6
1/1
Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOdA - SVOdC)
Adjectival Object Complement (Co)
Nominal Co
Adverbials
To-infinitive
Bare-infinitive
Ing-clause
Ed-clause
Adverbials are obligatory.
E.g.: Take your hands out of your pocket.
Complex-transitive complementation
6
1/1
Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOdA - SVOdC)
Adjectival Object Complement (Co)
Nominal Co
Adverbials
To-infinitive
Bare-infinitive
Ing-clause
Ed-clause
E.g.: John believed the stranger to be a policeman.
Complex-transitive complementation
6
1/1
Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOdA - SVOdC)
Adjectival Object Complement (Co)
Nominal Co
Adverbials
To-infinitive
Bare-infinitive
Ing-clause
Ed-clause
E.g.: You shouldn`t let your family interfere with our plans.
Complex-transitive complementation
6
1/1
Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOdA - SVOdC)
Adjectival Object Complement (Co)
Nominal Co
Adverbials
To-infinitive
Bare-infinitive
Ing-clause
Ed-clause
E.g.: Tim watched Bill mending the lamp.
Complex-transitive complementation
6
1/1
Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOdA - SVOdC)
Adjectival Object Complement (Co)
Nominal Co
Adverbials
To-infinitive
Bare-infinitive
Ing-clause
Ed-clause
E.g.: They found him worn out by travel and exertion.
ed-clause