Ôn thi cao học (Ngữ pháp)

GRAMMAR REVIEW
June 20, 2009
Nguyen Huyen Minh, M.A.
Issues
Parts of speech
Phrases
Sentences
Issues
Parts of speech
Phrases
Sentences
English nouns
- English verbs
- English adjectives
- English propositions
Issues
Parts of speech
Phrases
Sentences
Noun phrases
Verb phrases
Prepositional phrases
Issues
Parts of speech
Phrases
Sentences
Simple sentences
Compound sentences
Complex sentences
Lesson 1: ENGLISH NOUNS
Grammatical categories of Ns
1
Grammatical Categories
Number
Gender
Case
E.g.: mouse - mice
box – boxes
fish - fish
E.g.: my sister’s car
a fall of 10%
E.g.: she-wolf
desk
mother-in-law
Grammatical categories of Ns
Grammatical Categories
Number
Invariables
Variables
= nouns that do not vary
= nouns that do vary
1
Grammatical categories of Ns
1
Grammatical categories of Ns
1
Grammatical categories of Ns
1
Case
“of” genitive
“s” genitive
double genitive
E.g.: her mom’s car
E.g.: the paint of the room
= “of” and “’s” genitives used together
E.g.: a friend of her father’s
= with the nouns of
lower gender class
= with the nouns of
higher gender class
Grammatical categories of Ns
1
Case – Genitive meaning
Grammatical categories of Ns
1
Gender
= In English, there is not any further morphological feature that helps distinguish gender (unlike Russian or French)
Lesson 2: NOUN PHRASES
Issues
NOUN PHRASE

Basic NP
Determiners
Predeterminers
Central determiners
Postdeterminers

Complex NP
Modification
Premodification
Postmodification
Multiple modification


2
= typically constructed by either a noun or a pronoun as the head & other constituents as modifiers
Eg. A nice girl leaning against the wall
Noun phrases
2
Noun phrases
Noun Phrase
Basic NP
Complex NP
2
Basic Noun phrases
E.g.: All these 10 pupils
2
Determiners
Determiners
= words of close-system used before a N to “determine” the precise meaning of the N
Pre-determiners
Central determiners
Post-determiners
2
Determiners
Determiners
Pre-determiners
all, both, half
multipliers
fractions
such, what
mutually exclusive
E.g.: all girls, both girls
BUT NOT:
all both girls
2
Determiners
Determiners
Pre-determiners
all, both, half
+ before: articles (a, an, the, zero article)
E.g.: all the time
possessive determiners (my, his, her, etc.)
E.g.: both his sisters
demonstrative determiners (this, that, etc.)
E.g.: half those days
+ not before: quantitative determiners (no, each,
any, some, enough, (n)either, every)
2
Determiners
Determiners
Pre-determiners
all, both, half
+ take partitive “of-phrases” optional with nouns
E.g.: all (of) the time
obligatory with pronouns
E.g.: all of them, both of us, half of it

+ “all, both”: occur after the head, either immediately or after the operator
E.g.: They (all) were (all) accepted.
2
Determiners
Determiners
Pre-determiners
multipliers
+ used to denote the quantity of the nouns
E.g.: twice her age, double their salaries

+ occur with the determiners “a, every, each and per” to indicate frequency
E.g.: once a week, twice every day, three times each year
Once, twice, three times, double, etc.
2
Determiners
Determiners
Pre-determiners
fraction
+ the fractions have the alternative of- construction.
E.g.: He took only two-thirds of the books.

+ the indefinite article can replace ‘one’.
E.g.: He did it in one-third / a third (of) the time it took me.
(one-third, two-fifths, three-quarters, etc.)
2
Determiners
Determiners
Pre-determiners
Such/ what
+ occur before the head noun

+ “such”: combined with “all, quantifiers, cardinal numbers”
E.g.: What/ Such a surprise!
no/many/41 such incidents
2
Central Determiners
Determiners
Central determiners
6 classes based on their co-occurrence with the noun classes (singular count, plural count, and non-count)
(1)
the,
possessive
wh-words,
Some, any
(stressed),
no
(2)


zero article
some, any
(unstressed)
enough
(4)




this
that
(5)




these
those
(3)

a(n)
every
each
Either
neither
(6)





much
2
Central Determiners
Central Determiners in respect to their co-occurrence with the noun classes

COUNT NON-COUNT

SINGULAR

PLURAL
2
Central Determiners
Determiners
Central determiners
(1)
the,
possessive
wh-words,
Some, any
(stressed),
no
E.g.: - Do you want me to turn off the light?
- I love my family.
- What colour do you like?
- I have some friends in London.
- I won’t give this pen to any student.
- She has no idea at all.
2
Central Determiners
Determiners
Central determiners
(2)


zero article
some, any
(unstressed)
enough
E.g.: - Love is not everything.
- I did not have enough time to do this.
- I want some beer, please.
- Have we got any wine for tonight?
2
Central Determiners
Determiners
Central determiners
(3)

a(n)
every
each
Either
neither
E.g.: - My friend gave me a flower / an apple.
- I want to ask each/every person individually.
- You can put it on either table.
- Neither party accepted such a proposal.
2
Central Determiners
Determiners
Central determiners
(4)




this
that
E.g.: This chair is mine and that table is yours.
I can’t stand this silence.
2
Central Determiners
Determiners
Central determiners
(5)




these
those
E.g.: - Did you read these stories yesterday?
- Have you seen those girls?
2
Central Determiners
Determiners
Central determiners
(6)




much
E.g.: He wants much sugar in his coffee.

2
Central Determiners
Determiners
Post determiners
Ordinal numerals/general ordinals
Cardinal numerals
Close-system quantifiers
Open-class quantifiers
2
Central Determiners
Determiners
Post determiners
Ordinal numerals/general ordinals
Cardinal numerals
Close-system quantifiers
Open-class quantifiers
include: one, two, three, etc.
E.g.: my three son
his two books
2
Central Determiners
Determiners
Post determiners
Ordinal numerals/general ordinals
Cardinal numerals
Close-system quantifiers
Open-class quantifiers
ordinal numerals: first,second,
third, etc.
general ordinals: next, last, past, (an)other, additional, further
E.g.: the first time
another candidate
2
Central Determiners
Determiners
Post determiners
Ordinal numerals/general ordinals
Cardinal numerals
Close-system quantifiers
Open-class quantifiers
before count Ns: many, (a) few, several
before non-count Ns: much, (a) little
E.g.: a few words
much stress
2
Central Determiners
Determiners
Post determiners
Ordinal numerals/general ordinals
Cardinal numerals
Close-system quantifiers
Open-class quantifiers
include: a lot of, a great deal of, lots of, a good number of, etc.
verbs has number concord with the second nouns, not the quantity nouns (lot, deal, lots, plenty, etc.)
E.g.: Lots of food was on the table.
There was a lot of food on the table.
2
Noun phrases
Noun Phrase
Basic NP
Complex NP
2
E.g.: All the 11 pupils playing football

Complex NP
Pre-modification
Head noun
+
Post-modification
+
Complex noun phrase
2
Modification
Modification
function
status
Restrictive
Permanent
Non-restrictive
Temporary
2
Modification
Modification
function
status
Restrictive
Permanent
Non-restrictive
Temporary
helps identify the head & indicate a
limitation on the possible reference of the
head
tends to come after the head
tends to be given more prosodic emphasis
than the head
E.g.: The flowers in your garden are nice.
He visited his aunt who often lent
him money.
2
Modification
Modification
function
status
Restrictive
Permanent
Non-restrictive
Temporary
gives additional information to the head
but is not essential for identifying the
head
the reference: unique or as member of a
class that has been independently identified
tends to come before the head
tends to be unstressed in pre-head position
E.g.: The book, which I gave you yesterday,
is quite readable. (member of a class)
She is his poor, old mother. (unique)
2
Modification
Modification
function
status
Non-restrictive
Permanent
Restrictive
Temporary
Have reference to characteristic features
Mainly the items which are placed in pre-
modification position
E.g.: an ugly man
the easy-going lady
2
Modification
Modification
function
status
Non-restrictive
Permanent
Restrictive
Temporary
Have reference only to a specific time
Mainly those adjectives which have to be
predicate
E.g.:
A man who is timid = A timid man
A man who is afraid # An afraid man

2
Premodification
Premodification
‘s-genitive
-ing/-ed participles
sentence
adverbials
adjectives
noun
multiple premodification
2
Premodification
Premodification
‘s-genitive
-ing/-edparticiples
sentence
adverbial
adjective
noun
multiple premodification
E.g.: Mary`s brother is very naughty.
2
Premodification
Premodification
‘s-genitive
-ing/-ed participles
sentence
adverbial
adjective
noun
multiple premodification
E.g.: He has rented a crumbling cottage.
The wanted man was last seen in Paris.
Note: the participles denote the permanent.

E.g. She is an interesting girl vs.
She interests me.

The man who is married = the married man
2
Premodification
Premodification
‘s-genitive
-ing/-edparticiples
sentence
adverbial
adjective
noun
multiple premodification
E.g.: I got angry with his I-don`t-care attitude.
She waved the boy away with a you-stink kind of look on her face.
2
Premodification
Premodification
‘s-genitive
-ing/-edparticiples
sentence
adverbial
adjective
noun
multiple premodification
E.g.: I visited his far-away hometown.
2
Premodification
Premodification
‘s-genitive
-ing/-edparticiples
sentence
adverbial
adjective
noun
multiple prmodification
E.g.: He has fixed the cupboard door.
2
Premodification
Premodification
‘s-genitive
-ing/-edparticiples
sentence
adverbial
adjective
noun
multiple premodification
E.g.: She is a lovely girl.
2
Postmodification
Postmodification
relative clauses
prepositional phrase
non-finite clause
appositive clause
adverb
Clause of time, place, manner, reason
adjective
multiple postmodification
2
Postmodification
Postmodification
relative clauses
prepositional phrase
non-finite clause
appositive clause
adverb
Clause of time, place, manner, reason
adjective
multiple postmodification
E.g.: The girl who is playing in the ground is my daughter .
2
Postmodification
Postmodification
relative clauses
prepositional phrase
non-finite clause
appositive clause
adverb
Clause of time, place, manner, reason
adjective
multiple postmodification
E.g.: She love the monitor in your class.
2
Postmodification
Postmodification
relative clauses
prepositional phrase
non-finite clause
appositive clause
adverb
Clause of time, place, manner, reason
adjective
multiple postmodification
E.g.: The girl playing in the ground is my daughter.
2
Postmodification
Postmodification
relative clauses
prepositional phrase
non-finite clause
appositive clause
adverb
Clause of time, place, manner, reason
adjective
multiple postmodification
E.g.: The fact that he is rich is not the reason she loves him.
2
Postmodification
Postmodification
relative clauses
prepositional phrase
non-finite clause
appositive clause
adverb
Clause of time, place, manner, reason
adjective
multiple postmodification
E.g.: I work in the university where I studied English.
12th Sep, 1983 is the date when he was born.
That’s the reason why he spoke ill of me.
She shows me the way how I can cook beef.
2
Postmodification
Postmodification
relative clauses
prepositional phrase
non-finite clause
appositive clause
adverb
Clause of time, place, manner, reason
adjective
multiple postmodification
E.g.: The girl over there is my sister.
The road back is dense with traffic.
2
Postmodification
Postmodification
relative clauses
prepositional phrase
non-finite clause
appositive clause
adverb
Clause of time, place, manner, reason
adjective
multiple postmodification
E.g.: Something strange happened last night.
2
Multiple modification
Multiple modification
Multiple premodification
Multiple postmodification
2
Multiple modification
Multiple modification
Multiple premodification
Multiple postmodification
with single head:
E.g.: his last brilliant book
with multiple head:
E.g.: the new chair and table
the new but ugly table and chair
2
Multiple modification
Multiple modification
Multiple premodification
Multiple postmodification
Sequence of premodifiers:
Determiner general age color participle provenance noun de-nominal head
E.g.: a crumbling church towel
the extravagant London social life
some intricate old inter-locking Chinese designs
2
Multiple modification
Multiple modification
Multiple premodification
Multiple postmodification
with single head:
E.g.: the girl in the corner talking to John
with multiple head:
E.g.: the boy and the girl in the corner talking to John
2