Nouns

NOUNS
WHAT ARE NOUNS?
Nouns are naming words.
They name people, places and objects.
They can also name ideas, emotions, qualities and activities.
Here are some examples of nouns:
Peter, Elizabeth, driver, sister, friend.
Bristol, Severn, Brazil, pen, dog, money.
Love, beauty, industry, nature, greed, pain.
Types of noun
All nouns can be divided into common and proper nouns.
Common nouns can then be divided into countable and uncountable nouns.
Both countable and uncountable nouns can then be further divided into concrete and abstract nouns.
We’ll look at each type in turn.
First, look again at those types and how they relate.
nouns
proper
common
countable
uncountable
abstract
concrete
abstract
concrete
Proper nouns
Proper nouns start with capital letters.
They are the names of people, places, times, organisations etc.
They refer to unique individuals.
Most are not found in the dictionary.
They often occur in pairs or groups.
Here are some examples.
Tony Blair
King Henry
Bridget Jones
Christmas
China
Thames
Keynsham
Sony
Coca Cola
Macbeth
President Bush
The Jam
Coronation Street
Saturn
Carly
John
Portugal
The Ford Motor Company
Oxfam
Common nouns
All nouns which are not proper nouns are common nouns.
A few examples: cup, art, paper, work, frog, bicycle, atom, family, mind.
Common nouns are either countable or uncountable.
Countable nouns
Use these tests for countable nouns:
Countable (or just “count”) nouns can be made plural: a tree… two trees; a man… men; a pony… ponies.
In the singular, they may have the determiner a or an: a sausage; an asterisk.
We ask: How many words/pages/chairs?
We say: A few minutes/friends/chips?



Uncountable nouns
Use these tests for uncountable nouns:
Uncountable (or non-count) nouns cannot be made plural. We cannot say: two funs, three advices or five furnitures.
We never use a or an with them.
We ask: How much money/time/milk? (Not How many?)
We say: A little help/effort. (Not A few.)

Dual category nouns
Some nouns may be countable or uncountable, depending on how we use them.
We buy a box of chocolates (countable) or a bar of chocolate (uncountable).
We ask: How much time? but How many times? (where times = occasions).
We sit in front of a television (set) to watch television (broadcasting).
Field-specific nouns
Uncountable nouns are often turned into countable nouns by specialists in a particular field.They become part of the jargon of that specialism.
Grass is usually uncountable but botanists and gardeners talk about grasses.
Linguists sometimes talk about Englishes.
Financiers refer to moneys or even monies.
Teas may be used to mean types of tea.

Remember that both countable and uncountable nouns can be divided into concrete and abstract nouns.

The distinction between concrete and abstract nouns is the most important one of all when you are analysing linguistic data. A lot of abstract nouns in a text will have a big impact on its register.

The Plain English Campaign has an excellent website which will tell you more about the stylistic impact of abstract nouns.
Concrete nouns
Concrete nouns are the words that most people think of as nouns.
They are mostly the names of objects and animals (countable) and substances or materials (uncountable).
Cake, oxygen, iron, boy, dog, pen, glass, pomegranate, earthworm and door are all concrete nouns.
Abstract nouns
Abstract nouns name ideas, feelings and qualities.
Most, though not all, are uncountable.
Many are derived from adjectives and verbs and have characteristic endings such as –ity, -ness, -ence, and -tion.
They are harder to recognise as nouns than the concrete variety.
Abstract noun or adjective
You won’t confuse abstract nouns with adjectives, as long as you apply a few tests.
Happy is an adjective. It behaves like one: very happy; so happy; happier; as happy as
Happiness behaves like a noun: The happiness I feel; her happiness; great happiness.
A few more examples
Verb or adjective
Abstract noun
We were different from each other.
The difference between us.
My work is precise.
I work with precision.
The air is pure.
The purity of the air.
I composed this tune.
This tune is my composition.
It is so beautiful.
It has such beauty.
You support me.
The support you give me.
The morphology of nouns
Nouns change their form for only two grammatical reasons:
Countable nouns have a plural form. This is usually formed by adding –s, of course, but there are some irregular forms.
The possessive form of a noun is created by adding –’s (Henry’s cat) or just an apostrophe (all our students’ results).
Irregular plurals
Some nouns retain plural endings from Old English:
Men, geese, mice, oxen, feet, teeth, knives.
Loan words from Latin, Greek, French and Italian sometimes keep their native ending:
Media, bacteria, formulae, larvae, criteria, phenomena, gateaux.
Graffiti, an Italian plural, is now an uncountable noun in English.




Syntactical Functions of Nouns

Compound Nouns