Nhập môn công nghệ sinh học

What are genetically changed organisms and why leave the origin species of each country?
Traditional biotechnology and genetic engeneering
What are the GMO? (history,developement of gene engeneering)
Purpose of gentic engeneering on plants
Gentic engeneering methodes
EU legislation
Uses of GMO-advantages
Uses of GMO-disadvantages and risks
Care for the authochthonic/ original vegetation
GMO of next generation
Contents:
Traditional biotechnology and genetic engeneering
Traditional biotechnology (traditional selection and breeding techniques-production of organisms with more desirable charachteristics –via mutations and recombinations of existing genes between genotypes; neer relationships
industrial use of living organisms to produce foods,drugs
or other products
small assortiment of genes
Genetic engeneering – technic enable the identification of many genes which confer desirable charachteristics and transfer them to organisms which did not posess them before; single-celled organisms with modified DNA are used to produce different products
genes can be transfered, multiplied,retained or expressed in new combination that not exist in a nature; genes can be transfered also between different species
Biotechnology in service of mankind
Traditional selection and breeding techniques as fermentation processes, used live organisms such as yeast and bacteria for production of bread, cheese, yoghourt, beer, vine etc.

More extensive use of GMO at present leeds to intensive production of useful substances such as insuline (1979), growth hormone or the blood clotting factor. Human genes encoding for these products have been successfully transfered into the DNA of microorganisms. This allows large scale production of these substances for medical use in so called “bioreactors”.
What are the GMO?
Are organisms in which genetic material has been altered in a way that does not occur naturally by mating and / or natural recombination

In principle, genes from any species could be inserted into any other species
GMO - history
1983 – first plant transformation (insertion of bacterial gene in tobacco plant)

1986 – first field experiment with transgenes plant (tobacco plant)

1992 – first economic production of transgene plant (virus resistant tobacco plant, China)

1994 – first economic (market) production of transgene plant for food (tomato with slow decrease of softening USA)
Purpose of gentic engeneering on plants
Resistance to diseases and pathogenes (bacteria, fungi, viruses, insects…)
Resistance to novel herbicides
Protection against abiotic stress – salinity, drought, frost…
Functional food (cancer protecting tomato, …)
Improved nutritional value in different food products
Increased amount of vitamins in products (golden rice – provitamin A)
Improved aroma, taste and structure of agricultural products
Improved fiber quality (cotton)
Gentic engeneering methodes
Elementary methodes for bacteria genes developed in early 60’s

Other methodes for different organisms in 80’s

Transformation = insert of naked DNA in form of plasmides using “gene gun” or with help of vectors – bacterial plasmides
TECHNOLOGY OF RECOMBINATION
Isolation of DNA molecule from donor organism, cut with enzymes (restriction endonucleases) and join with other DNA from s.c. clone carrier (vector) – new recombinant DNA

New DNA is inserted in to a host cell (plant or bacterial) =TRANSFORMATION; the foreign DNA becomes a permanent feature of the host, being replicated and passed on to daughter cells along with the rest of its DNA

3. Host cells which already have inserted DNA are separated from other cells which are not yet transformed
The most frequent transformation places

Apical- meristematic cells
Reproduction cells (gametes)
Embrios
Range of transformation
Laboratories ( 100 different plant species)
Field experiments (more then 50 plant species)
Market production (21 different plant species with 85 different genetic elements (2002)
Field releases of GMO in the world
The most desirable agricultural GMO species (2003)
Field releases of GMO’s in 2003 by country
Field releases of GMO’ s in 1995 by country- EUROPE
EU legislation
For protection of health of citizens and the environment

As well as ensuring a single unified market for biotechnology

Uses of GMO-advantages

Economical benefits in the case of sugar beet (GB)
use of selective herbicide decrease income for 5-15%
GMO plant needs less sprinkling, instead 4-6 just 2-3; 27 instead of 100 pounds
seeds costs more
less machine cultivation
less fuel used -> less emission of CO2 in the athmosphere
Advantages (2.)
Economical benefits – in the case of GMO-Bt corn from Spain
corn butterfly makes about 15 % of damage
an average field production is 12,54 t/ha, GMO corn 13,35 t/ha
saving 150 EUR per ha
Advantages (3.)
Herbicid tolerance
Insect resistance
Virus resistance
Quality improvement
Less use of herbicides
Disadvantages, risks
Gene expression –Mendel’ s law of independent assortiment - every gene determinate one charachteristics
– more genes determines one characteristics or more genes determine more characteristics =>changing one gene may influence in change of more features

Gene dynamics – during the lifetime of the cell expression of genes may change –one period are active some genes and second period another genes– how to determine exactely expression of a new inserted gene?
Risks (2.)
Coincidence of genes of different organisms
exl: plants, animals, people eating plants-plants are developed defense against herbivores- toxines
In thousands of years genetically supported nevtralisations for undesirable vegetable products developed (in our saliva)
Evolution – selection are always linked with food – too sensitive persons (food) dissapeared from population
New food (exotic or GMO) – increase of alergy
Digestion of proteins in intestinum – procese can stop in the level of undigested particles -> biotic effects???
Pollination
transfere of pollen and genes by insects even in the area of more km from field with GMO
usually inside the species
rare between relative species
very rare or periodical transfer between different species (weed)
Risks (3.)
Risks (4.)
Transfer of genes from GMO to weed plant- develope of high tolerante weeds
GM plant become weed – high herbicide tolerance –difficulties with control of growth
The migration of inserted genes from cultivated plants to wild species
Artificially created selection pressure could lead to a dominance of GMO
Risks (5.)
Transfer of genes to microorganisms
Appereance of high tolerant injurer (insects, viruses, bacteria)
Toxical properties for nontarget organisms (corn butterfly-> monarch butterfly; bees, birds…)
Polithic strathegy in EU countries
EU - possibilities for all types of agriculture (classic, ecological, GMO…)
Consumer must have possibility to choose between GMO and others; declarations on food articles are obligated
Each EU country can choose freelly her own strathegy for use of GMO;by consideration of EU Directives
Care for the authochthonic/ original vegetation
International convention of biotic diversity
FAO contract on plant and genetic food and agriculture resources
EU common programme for plant gene resources net
EU project – protecting the biotic diversity on ecological farming
GMO of next generation
Improving of nourishing values of food
macronutrients (peptides, carbohydrates, lipids)
micronutrients (vitamins, minerals)
New applications
target proteins
transformation of plastids (chloroplasts)
oral vaccine matter and medicines
elimination of selection genes
GMO of next generation
New agricultural interesting charachteristisc
modifficated growth
Stress toleranced plants (draught, frost, salinity, shadow)
Plants producst as new biomaterials