Nguyen am va phu am

BY: NGUYEN THI DINH
PHAM THI NGOC DIEP
PHAM THI HONG
NGUYEN THI QUYNH LY
CONSONANT AND VOWEL SOUNDS
I. CONSONANT
1. The definition of consonant
2. Classification of consonant
3. Describing consonant
4. Identifying consonant
Definition of consonant
A consonant: is a basic speech sound in which the breath is at least partly obstructed and which can be combined with a vowel to form a syllable: Contrasted with vowel.
2. Classification of consonant
A. The degree of noise
B. The manner of articulation:
- Occlusive
- Constrictive
- Occlusive - Constrictive
C. The place of articulation:
- Labial
- Lingual
- Glottal
3. Describle consonant
Manner of articulation:
3.1. Plossive/ stop:
- Vocal tract is blocked.
- There ie a build-up of air pressure and then the air-tream is abruptly released.
3.2. Fricative
-The fricatives of English are [f], [v], [θ], [ð], [s], [z], [ʃ], and [ʒ].
- Air stream is directed through a narrow constriction in the vocal tract.
- The air forced through the narrow constriction create turbulence or friction.
3.3. Nasal:
- Closed vocal tract and open velopharyngeal port
- Air flows through the nasal cavity




3. Describle consonant
3.4. Affricate:
- Combination of a stop and a fricative
3.5. Liquids:
- Vowel – like sounds produced with an open vocal tract.
3.6. Semi vowel/ glides:
- A gliding motion from one vowel to a second vowel is made by the articulation.
Voicing : Whether sounds involve vocal cord vibration.
- Voiced consonants = vocal cord vibration.
- Voiceless consonant = no vibration.
3. Describle consonant
Place of articulation
Bilabial:
In a bilabial consonant, the lower and upper lips touch each other. English [p], [b], and [m] are bilabial stops.
The sound [w] involves two constrictions of the vocal tract made simultaneously. One of them is lip rounding, which you can think of as a bilabial approximant.
3. Describle consonant
Labio-dental
In a labiodental consonant, the lower lip touches the upper teeth. English [f] and [v] are bilabial fricatives.
The diagram to the right shows the state of the vocal tract during a typical [f] or [v]. 

3. Describle consonant
Dental
In a dental consonant, the tip or blade of the tongue touches the upper teeth. English [θ] and [ð] are dental fricatives

3. Describle consonant
Alveolar
In an alveolar consonant, the tongue touches the alveolar ridge, the ridge immediately behind the upper teeth.
The English stops [t], [d], and [n] are formed by completely blocking the airflow at this place of articulation
3. Describle consonant
Postalveolar
In a postalveolar consonant, the constriction is made immediately behind the alveolar ridge. The constriction can be made with either the tip or the blade of the tongue.
The diagram to the right shows the state of the vocal tract during the first half (the stop half) of an affricate [tʃ] or[dʒ].
3. Describle consonant
Velar

In a velar consonant, the body of the tongue touches the soft palate, or velum.
English [k], [ɡ], and [ŋ]are stops made at this POA.
The diagram to the right shows a typical [k] or [ɡ] -- though where exactly on the velum the tongue body hits will vary a lot depending on the surrounding vowels.
As we have seen, one of the two constrictions that form a [w] is a bilabial approximant. The other is a velar approximant: the tongue body approaches the soft palate, but does not get even as close as it does
3. Describle consonant
Palatal
In a palatal consonant, the body of the tongue approaches or touches the hard palate.
English [j] is a palatal approximant -- the tongue body approaches the hard palate, but closely enough to create turbulence in the airstream.
Glottal
The glottis is the opening between the vocal folds. In an [h], this opening is narrow enough to create some turbulence in the airstream flowing past the vocal folds. For this reason, [h] is often classified as a glottal fricative.
4. Identifying consonant
The letter “y” makes a consonant sound when it appears at the beginning of words (examples: yellow, yacht), and it makes a vowel sound when it appears at the end of words (examples: valley, fairy). This dual role explains why the letter y is considered as only sometimes a vowel.
Vowels are a, e, i, o, u, and sometimes y, consonants make up all the other letters, they can usually easily group the letters of the alphabet into vowels and consonants. However, there are vowels and consonants that sound like each other in certain words in English. Students speaking or hearing these vowels and consonants can sometimes find it difficult to distinguish between them, and that makes these vowels and consonants especially challenging as well as interesting.
Here are some examples:
• What happens when what looks like a vowel does not sound like a vowel?
For example: + A university not an university.
+ A uniform not an uniform.
• What happens when what looks like a consonant does not sound like a consonant?
For example: + An hour not a hour.
+ An honesty not a honest.
II. VOWEL SOUNDS
1. The definition of vowel:
- A speech sound made with your mouth open and your tongue in the middle of your mouth not touching your teeth, lips, etc.
- A letter (such as a, e, i, o, u, and sometimes y in English) that represents a vowel
II. VOWEL SOUNDS
2. Classification of vowel sounds:
a. Short vowel:The symbols for these short vowels are /I/, /e/ ,/æ/, /ʌ/, / D/, /u/, / ə/.

b. Long vowel: Long vowels tend to be longer than the short vowels in similar contexts. The symbols consist of one vowel symbol plus a length-mark made of two dots(:). Thus we have /i:/, /3:/, /a:/, /ɔ:/, /u:/.


b. Diphthongs : (/iə/ /eə/ /uə/ /ei/ /ai/ /ɔi/ /əu/ /au/) . Having a large number of diphthongs, which consist of a movement or glide from one vowel to another. The most important thing to remember about all the diphthongs is that the firth part is much longer and stronger than the second part.
c. Tripthongs: (/eiə/ /ɔiə/ /əuə/ /auə/). A triphthong is a glide from one vowel to another and then to a third, all produced rapidly and without interruption.

THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION !