Ngữ pháp tiếng Anh - Ôn thi TNPT

BAØI MÔÛ ÑAÀU ÑOÄNG TÖØ
VERB

Ñoäng töø ñöôïc duøng ñeå laøm haønh ñoäng cho chuû töø. Ñeå phaân bieät caùc loaïi ñoäng töø (kinds of verbs), chuùng ta haõy quan saùt sô ñoà döôùi ñaây:

Auxiliary verb : (do, have, be)
Special verb :
Modal verb : (must, can, may, might, could, should …)
Verb :
Regular verb : (open, close, clean, remember…)
Ordinary verb :
Irregular verb : (run, write, speak, drive…)

Ñoäng töø tieáng Anh coù hai loaïi: ñoäng töø ñaëc bieät (special verb) vaø ñoäng töø thöôøng (ordinary verb).

(1) Ñoäng töø ñaëc bieät goàm coù:
* Ñoäng töø trôï (auxiliary verb) : be (duøng ñeå chia caùc thì tieáp dieãn, theå thuï ñoäng), have (duøng ñeå chia caùc thì hoaøn thaønh), do (duøng ñeå chia caùc theå phuû ñònh vaø nghi vaán).
- He is working hard this month. (thì hieän taïi tieáp dieãn)
- The house was built five years ago. (theå thuï ñoäng)
- He has learned English for two years. (thì hieän taïi hoaøn thaønh)
- Do you like tea ? (theå nghi vaán)
- She does not like coffee. (theå phuû ñònh)

* Ñoäng töø khieám khuyeát (modal verb) : caàn phaûi coù ñoäng theo sau.
- We must study hard.
- He can play the piano.
Ñaëc ñieåm chung cuûa caùc ñoäng töø ñaëc bieät laø khi ñoåi sang theå phuû ñònh ta chæ caàn theâm NOT vaøo sau caùc ñoäng töø ñoù vaø khi ñoåi sang theå nghi vaán ta ñöa caùc ñoäng töø ñoù ra ñaàu caâu.
- He is not working hard this month.
- Is he working hard this month ?
- He has not found his book.
- Have you seen her yet ?
- She cannot swim.
- Should we go there ?

(2) Ñoäng töø thöôøng goàm coù :

* Ñoäng töø coù qui taéc (regular verb) : laø ñoäng töø khi thaønh laäp thì quaù khöù ñôn (simple past) hay quaù khöù phaân töø (past paticiple) ta chæ caàn theâm –ED vaøo sau ñoäng töø ñoù.
- I opened the door this morning. (simple past )
- I have opened the door. (past participle)
* Ñoäng töø baát qui taéc (irregular verb) : laø ñoäng töø coù hình thöùc quaù khöù (xem coät 2 cuûa baûng ñoäng töø baát qui taéc) vaø quaù khöù phaân töø (xem coät 3) rieâng.
to go went gone
to write wrote written
to run ran run
to hit hit hit

- He went to the cinema last night. (simple past )
- He has gone out. (past participle)

Ñoäng töø thöôøng coù chung ñaëc ñieåm laø khi ñoåi sang theå phuû ñònh vaø nghi vaán ta phaûi duøng ñoäng töø trôï “to do”. Ta theâm NOT vaøo sau caùc ñoäng töø trôï ôû theå phuû ñònh vaø ñöa ñoäng töø trôï ra ñaàu caâu neáu ôû theå nghi vaán.
- He did not go to the pub last night.
- Did he go to the cinema last night ?
- I do not like tea.
- Do you enjoy classical music ?
- She does not know the answer.
- Does he understand the lesson ?

* Ñoäng töø “to do” vöøa laø ñoäng töø thöôøng vöøa laø ñoäng töø trôï.
- He does his homework. (ñoäng töø thöôøng)
- He does not understand the lesson. (ñoäng töø trôï)























Baøi 1: CAÙCH DUØNG CAÙC THÌ
(THE USE OF TENSES)

Thì bieåu thò thôøi gian vaø traïng thaùi cuûa haønh ñoäng ñöôïc dieãn ñaït baèng ñoäng töø. Coù 12 thì ôû daïng chuû ñoäng cuûa ñoäng töø tieáng Anh. Ñeå hieåu ñöôïc hình thaùi cuûa caùc thì, ta coù theå nghieân cöùu caùch chia ñoäng töø TO WORK trong baûng döôùi ñaây :


Simple
Continuous
Perfect
Perfect continuous


Present
- I (You / We / They) work
- He (She / It) works
- I am working
- He (She / It) is working
- You (We / They) are working
- I (You / We / They) have worked
- He (She / It) has worked
- I (You / We / They) have been working
- He ( She / It) has been working

Past
- I (You / He / She / It / We / They) worked
- I (He / She / It) was working
- You (We / They) were working
- I (You / He / She / It / We / They) had worked
- I (You / He / She / It / We / They) had been working

Future
- I (We) shall work
- You (He / She / it / They) will work
- I (We) shall be working
- You (He / She / It / They) will be working
- I (We) shall have worked
- You (He / She / it / They) will have worked
- I (We) shall have been working
- You (He / She / It / They) will have been working



* 1. SO SAÙNH THÌ SIMPLE PRESENT
VAØ THÌ PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Tieáng Anh coù hai thì hieän taïi maø ña soá caùc em hoïc sinh hay laãn loän caùch söû duïng. Ñoù laø thì hieän taïi ñôn (Simple Present) vaø thì hieän taïi tieáp dieãn (Present Continuous).

* Thì Simple Present ñöôïc duøng ñeå chæ moät haønh ñoäng dieãn ra trong thôøi gian noùi chung, khoâng nhaát thieát phaûi laø thôøi gian ôû hieän taïi. Thôøi gian noùi chung laø thôøi gian maø söï vieäc dieãn ra moãi ngaøy (every day), moãi tuaàn (every week), moãi thaùng (every month), moãi naêm (every year), moãi muøa (every spring / summer / autumn / winter)…

- He goes to school every day.
- Mrs Brown travels every summer.

* Thì Present Continuous ñöôïc duøng ñeå chæ moät haønh ñoäng ñang xaûy ra (a current activity) hay moät söï vieäc chuùng ta ñang laøm baây giôø (now/ at present/ at this moment), hoâm nay (today), tuaàn naøy (this week), naêm nay (this year)…


- We are learning English now.
- Mary is playing the piano at the moment.

Haõy so saùnh : - I work in a bakery every day.
- I’m working in a bakery this week.

* CHUÙ YÙ :
(1) + Thì Simple Present thöôøng ñöôïc duøng vôùi caùc ñoäng töø chæ tri giaùc (verbs of perception) nhö : feel, see, hear… vaø caùc ñoäng töø chæ traïng thaùi nhö : know, understand, mean, like, prefer, love, hate, need, want, remember, recognize, believe…
+ Ngoaøi ra chuùng ta coøn duøng thì Simple Present vôùi ñoäng töø : be, appear, belong, have to…
+ Thì Simple Present coøn ñöôïc duøng vôùi caùc traïng töø chæ taàn suaát laäp ñi laäp laïi (adverbs of frequency) nhö : always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, generally, rarely, never…

- That child needs care.
- This book belongs to me.
- He never comes late.

+ Chuùng ta cuõng duøng thì Simple Present ñeå chæ moät chaân lyù hay moät söï thaät hieån nhieân (a general truth).

- The sun rises in the east.
- Nothing is more precious than independence and freedom.

(2) Thì Present Continuous coøn ñöôïc duøng ñeå chæ haønh ñoäng ôû moät töông lai gaàn (a near future action) vaø thöôøng ñi vôùi caùc traïng töø chæ töông lai nhö : tomorrow, next week, next month, next year, next summer…

Exercise I : Put the verbs in brackets in the present simple or the present continuous tense.

1/ I (have) __________ coffee for breakfast every day.

2/ My brother (work) __________ in a shoe store this summer.

3/ The student (look) ___________ up that new word now.

4/ She (go) __________ to school every day.

5/ We (do) __________ this exercise at the moment.

6/ Miss Helen (read) ___________ a newspaper now.

7/ It (rain) __________ very much in the summer. It (rain) _________ now.

8/ Bad students never (work) __________ hard.

9/ He generally (sing) __________ in English, but today he (sing) __________ in Spanish.

10/ We seldom (eat) __________ before 6.30.

11/ She sometimes (buy) ___________ vegetables at his market.

12/ Be quiet. The baby (sleep) ____________.

13/ We always (do) ___________ our exercises carefully.

14/ Look. A man (run) ___________ after the train. He (want) ___________ to catch it.

15/ It (be) __________ very cold now.
16/ John (travel) __________ to England tomorrow.

17/ I (need) ____________ some money for my textbooks.

18/ Tom (like) __________ to go to the museums.

19/ Mary (love) __________ ice-cream.

20/ My mother (cook) ___________ some food in the kitchen at present. She always (cook) __________ in the mornings.

21/ I often (leave) __________ the city at weekends.

22/ The guests (watch) __________ the TV programmes now.

23/ I (see) ___________ you (wear) ___________ your best clothes.

24/ The sun (set)___________ in the west.

25/ My friend (study) __________ English for an hour every night.

26/ Listen. I (hear)___________ someone knocking at the front door.

27/ I (do) __________ an exercise on the present tense at the moment and I (think) __________ that I (know) __________ how to use it now.

28/ Honesty (be) __________ the best policy.

29/ The earth (goes) __________ round the sun.

30/ Two and two (make) __________ four.



* 2 SO SAÙNH THÌ PRESENT PERFECT
VAØ THÌ SIMPLE PAST

* Thì Present perfect (Hieän Taïi Hoaøn Thaønh) ñöôïc duøng ñeå chæ moät quaù khöù khoâng roõ thôøi ñieåm coøn lieân laïc vôùi hieän taïi.
* Thì Simple Past (Quaù Khöù Ñôn) ñöôïc duøng ñeå chæ moät quaù khöù coù thôøi ñieåm roõ reät caét ñöùt vôùi hieän taïi.

+ CHUÙ YÙ :
(1) Thì Present Perfect thöôøng ñi vôùi nhöõng töø nhö : up to now, up to the present, so far (cho tôùi nay), not … yet (vaãn chöa), for, since, ever (ñaõ töøng), never, several times (nhieàu laàn), just (vöøa), recently (vöøa môùi), lately (môùi ñaây) ...

- Have you ever seen a tiger ?
- The train has not arrived yet.
- We have lived here for 6 years.
- The bell has just rung.

(2) * Thì Simple Past thöôøng ñi vôùi nhöõng tieáng chæ thôøi gian quaù khöù xaùc ñònh nhö : yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week, last month, last year, last summer, ago.

- We came here a month ago.
- He went to the cinema yesterday.

* Thì Simple Past coøn ñöôïc duøng ñeå chæ moät chuoãi caùc haønh ñoäng keá tieáp xaûy ra trong quaù khöù.
- He closed all the windows, locked the doors and then went out.

Exercise II : Put the verbs in brackets in the present perfect or the simple past tense.

1/ We (never watch) __________ that TV programme.

2/ We (wacth) __________ a good programme on TV last night.

3/ He (read) __________ that novel many times before.

4/ He (read) __________ that novel again during my last vacation.

5/ I (have) __________ a little trouble with my car last week.

6/ However, I (have) __________ no trouble with my car since then.

7/ I (not see) __________ John for a long time. I (see) __________ him 3 weeks ago.

8/ The school bell (ring) __________. We must go now.

9/ I (meet) __________ Mary last night. She (become) __________ a very big girl.

10/ He is very thirsty. He (not drink) ______