Ngữ pháp cao cấp cực hay

The Second Term Lecture 15 Adjective and Adjective Phrase Adjectives are open-class words. They are chiefly used as modifying elements in a sentence. In this lecture we shall talk about classification and morphology of adjectives as well as formation and uses of adjective phrases. 15.1 Classification of adjectives Adjectives may be divided into one-word and compound adjectives, central and peripheral adjectives, dynamic and stative adjectives, gradable and non-gradable adjectives. dynamic and stative adjectives Semantically, adjectives can be dynamic or stative. Most adjectives are stative adjectives, such as tall, short, big, small, and describe the static characteristics of animate or inanimate objects. Dynamic adjectives describe the dynamic properties of people or things, such as careful, generous, helpful, patient, witty. Discussion: different usages of dynamic and stative adjectives (P388) Dynamic adjectives can go with the progressive aspect of be, while stative adjectives cannot. e.g. She is being witty. ×She is being tall. Dynamic adjectives can co-occur with imperative be, while stative adjectives cannot. e.g. Be patient! ×Be pretty. Dynamic adjectives can occur in causative constructions in which it is impossible to use stative adjectives cannot. e.g. I persuaded her to be generous. × I persuaded her to be pretty. gradable and non-gradable adjectives Most adjectives are gradable adjectives. All dynamic and most stative adjectives are gradable adjectives The few non-gradable ones include some denominal adjectives that denote classification or provenance (atomic scientist, Chinese carpet). Some other adjectives, such as perfect, excellent, extreme, are also nongradable because their lexical meanings have already denoted a high or extreme degree. 15.2 Adjective (phrase) as modifier in noun phrases As has been mentioned before, most adjectives can function both as modifier and as complement. In many cases, these two functions are interchangeable. e.g. The boy is intelligent. →He is an intelligent boy. The boy is so intelligent. → He is so intelligent a boy. Premodifying adjectives As modifiers in the noun phrase, adjectives usually appear after the determiner and before the headword, but sometimes they may also take a post-head position. When two or more premodifying adjectives co-occur on the same level, they are usually coordinated in the normal order of shorter members preceding the longer. It was a rainy, windy, freezing day. If there is an adverb of degree in the premodification, it may be placed where the speaker intends to. It was a rather rainy, windy, freezing day. It was a rainy, windy, thoroughly freezing day. When two or more premodifying adjectives appear on different levels, their normal order is like this: (determiner: predetermier -- central determiner-- postdeterminer) →(若有表程度的副詞，可放在形容詞前)the speaker’s evaluation (評注) →size, shape, age，etc.(大小長短高低、形狀、年齡、新舊) →color →nationality, origin, material (國別、來源、材料) →(classifier)use or purpose or v.-ing& v-ed（表用途、目的的形容詞或分詞等類別詞）→ nominal (名詞性定語)→noun 多個形容詞同時修飾一個名詞時，排列順序大致如下： 可以置于冠詞前的形容詞：all, both, such等； 冠詞、指示代詞、所有格形容詞、不定形容詞：a, an, the, this, those, your, his, our, any, some等； 序數詞：first, second, third等； 基數詞：one, two, three等；表示 性質、狀態、質量的形容詞：nice, good, sweet, useful等； 表示大小、長短、形狀的形容詞：big, short, small, square, round 等； 表示年齡、新舊、溫度的形容詞：young, new, old, cold, hot等； 表示顏色的形容詞:blue, white, brown等； 表示國籍、產地、區域的形容詞：British, Chinese, American等； 表示材料、用作形容詞的名詞：iron, oil, stone, silk等； 分詞：floating, handmade等 e.g. a large antique brown and white German beer-mug 一只 大 古代的 棕白兩色的 德國的 啤酒杯 譯：一只德國古代棕白兩色的大啤酒杯 a weak small spare old man 一個瘦弱的小老頭 a well-known German medical school 一所著名的德國醫學院 an interesting little red French oil painting一幅有趣的小型法國油畫 his first two interesting little red French oil paintings 他的前兩幅有趣的小型法國油畫 試譯： 幾條 新的主要的 城市 公路 A few new major urban highways 一雙 漂亮的 俄國小 馬靴 a pair of beautiful little Russian riding boots postmodifying adjectives refer to P398-400 15.3Adjective (phrase) as complement (refer to P402-404) 15.4 Discussion for some details about the place of adjectives in the sentence 形容詞作定語修飾some, any, no, every和body, thing等構成的復合不定代詞時，應放在其后面。 1. Is there anything wrong with your bicycle? 你的自行車有毛病嗎？ 2. Anyone intelligent can understand it. 任何有頭腦的人都能理解這一點。 以前綴a-開頭的某些表語形容詞（如alike, alive, alone, afraid, awake, aware, alight, afloat, asleep）必須放在后面作定語，