Lí thuyết văn phạm hay

REVISION FOR MID TERM EXAM
I. PRONUNCIATION:
* /(/ is pronounced when it in the words having letters: j, ge, gi, gy, di
Eg: j: jam, jar, jaw, joke, joy
ge: germ, agent, edge, judge, danger, suggest, agenda
gi: giant, origin
gy: gymnast, apology
di: soldier,

* /t∫ / is pronounced when it in the words having letters: ch, tu, tion
Eg: ch: chin, cheese, change, watch
- ture: picture, guesture, culture, future, natural, actual, mutual
- tion: question, digestion
* The letter “n” before “g” or “k” is pronounced /ŋ/
Eg: king / hungry / thank / think
* The letter “r” is silent if there is NO VOWEL sound after it except “iron”
Eg: artist, organ, urgent……….
* The letter “h” is always silent when it follows “g, k, r” at the beginning of a word
Eg: ghost, khmer, khaki, rhino
* The letter “h” is always silent in the words: exhibition, hour, honour, honest
* /w/: w (wear, worry, wood, etc.)
* /j/: y and u
Eg: year, yellow, yes, use, unit, university
II. PAST SIMPLE- PAST PROGRESSIVE- PAST PERFECT:
Eg: Last night, at 9 o’clock, when I came in my house, my son was playing with her mother. They had had dinner before I came home.
1. PAST SIMPLE: S + V-2/ -ED: Diễn tả một hành động đã xảy ra và kết thúc ở quá khứ, biết rõ thời gian.
2. PAST PROGRESSIVE: Diễn tả một hành động đang xảy ra tại một điểm thời gian ở quá khứ, một hành động đang xảy ra thì có hành động khác xen vào, hai hành động cùng xảy ra song song ở quá khứ.
3. PAST PERFECT: Diễn tả một hành động quá khứ xảy ra trước một thời điểm ở quá khứ, một hành động quá khứ xảy ra trước một hành động quá khứ khác.
* Some special structure:
1. S + V-2/-ED + AFTER + S + HAD + V-3/-ED.
2. S + HAD + V-3/-ED + BEFORE + S + V-2/-ED.
3. S + HAD + V-3/-ED + BY THE TIME + S + V-2/-ED
4. S + V-2/-ED + WHEN/ WHILE + S + WAS/ WERE + V-ING
5. S + WAS/ WERE + V-ING + WHEN/ WHILE + V-2/-ED
* /tw/ : twenty, twelve, twin, twinkle.
* 4 &5: hành động nào dài hơn chia quá khứ tiếp diễn, hành động nào ngắn hơn chia quá khứ đơn.
III. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

TYPE
IF CLAUSE
MAIN CLAUSE

1. real in present/ future
S + V/V-ES/S
BE ( WERE
S + will + V

2. unreal in present
S + V-ED/2

S + would + V

3. real in present/ future
S + had + V-ED/3

S + would + have + V-ED/3











Eg: If I (meet)..………..him yesterday, I (give) ………….…...him your gift
IIV. Infinitive, gerund, passive infinitive and passive gerund
A. INFINITIVES
Active
Form: Verb + to V (plan, decide, hope, refuse, agree, ask, intend…..)
Passive infinitive Form: verb + to be + V3/ed
Eg: He wants his shirt (iron)………………before he comes back to the room this afternoon
B. GERUND
Active Form: Verb + V-ing
(avoid, consider, detest, escape, finish, hate, miss, prevent, practice...)
Passive gerund Form: verb + being + V3/ed

Eg: Lan enjoys (read) …………….books
C. INFINITIVE WITHOUT TO
( After modals: can, could, may, might, must , have to, ought to…….
( After causative verbs: make, let
( After verbs : would rather, had better, help
( After perceptive verbs: see, hear, feel, watch, observe, notice, smell when we see, hear, etc.

V. PERFECT GERUND AND PERFECT PARTICIPLE
Form: having + V3/ed
Usage:
Perfect gerund is used to referred to a past action