INFINITIVE & GERUND

BARE INFINITIVE - TO INFINIVE – GERUND ( V-ing)

A. VERB + TO-INFINITIVE OR BARE INFINITIVE:
1.Verb + (Object) + to- infinitive:
* I considered her to be the best person for the job.
* The police warned everyone to stay inside with their windows closed.
There are many verbs like this including:
allow cho phep, believe tin, cause gay nen, command ra 1enh, enable lam co the
encourage khuyen khich, entitle ban cho, force ep, invite moi, order ra 1enh, persuade
thuyet phuc show trinh bay, teach day, tell bao.
2.After some verbs, we can`t include an object before a to-infinitive:
* The shop refused to accept a cheque.
* He threatened to report their behaviour to the principal. (not He threatened them to report their behaviour ... )
Other verbs like this include:
agree dong y, consent bang long, decide quyet dinh, fail that bai, hope hy vong, pretend gia vo, start bat dau, volunteer xung phong.
3.After some verbs, an object might or might not be included before a to-infinitive. Compare:
I prefer to drive. (= I do the driving) and
I prefer you to drive. (= you do the driving)
We need to complete this report by Friday. (= we complete it) and
We need them to complete this report by Friday. (= they complete it)
Other verbs like this include can bear (in negative sentences and in questions), hate, help, like, love, want, wish. Notice that after help we can use either a to-infinitive or bare infinitive (see 5):
I`ll help you (to) arrange the party if you like.
4. With some verbs in the pattern verb + object + to-infinitive we have to put the word for immediately after the verb:
* We waited for the taxi to come before saying goodbye. (not ... waited the taxi to come ...)
* They arranged for Jane to stay in London. (not ... arranged Jane to stay
Other verbs like this include appeal, apply, campaign, long (= want), plan. After apply and campaign, the infinitive is usually passive:
* They applied for the hearing to be postponed.
5. Verb + (object) + bare infinitive
Some verbs are followed by a bare infinitive after an object:
* She noticed him run away from the house. (not ... noticed him to run ...)
* I made Peter wait outside. (not ... made Peter to wait ...)
Other verbs like this include:
feel cam thay, hear nghe, observe quan sat, overhear nghe len, see thay, watch quan sat; have co, let cho phep, de
Notice, however, that in passive sentence with these verbs, we use a to-infinitive:
* He was overheard to say that he hoped John would resign.
After some of these verbs (feel, hear, notice, observe, overhear, see, watch) we can use either the bare infinitive or the -ing form, but usually there is a difference in meaning:
* When I woke up at midnight, I heard someone running in the street.
* I watched my students run in their physical education lesson.
6. A few verbs can be followed directly by a bare infinitive in fairly idiomatic phrases, including hear tell, make believe, and let (it) slip:
* He made believe that he had caught the huge fish himself. (= pretended )
* She let (it) slip that she`s leaving. (= said it unintentionally)
Notice also the phrases make do and let go
*Jim borrowed my new bike; I had to make do with my old one. (= it wasn`t the one I wanted)
EXERCISES
1 Choose one of the verbs in brackets complete each sentence. (1-4)
1. a. I taught Jim to drive a car before the age of 18. (hoped/ taught)
b. I hoped to drive a car before the age of 18.
2.a. We him to go to the party. (allowed/ agreed)
b. We to go to the party.
3.a. They for the kittens to go to good homes. (wanted/ arranged)
b. They the kittens to go to good homes.
4.a. He the children to stay away. (warned/ threatened)
b. He to stay away.
5.a. The police for his protectors to give him up. (appealed/ forced)
b. The police him to give himself up.
6.a. She