INDIRECT SPEECH

INDIRECT SPEECH

I. DIRECT SPEECH:
1. Statement: ( Câu thông báo, gồm câu khẳng định và câu phủ định)
a. Affirmative: Jason said, " Tom has worked here since last year."
Negative : I don`t like that house", she said.
2. Questions:
a. Yes- No question: Are you tired?", Tom asked me./ Do you work here?", Tom asked.
Wh/ How- questions: " When did you go to bed last night?", the policeman asked him.
" How long have you been there?", Jason asked.
3. Command and request: Go away!", she told us. — " Open the door, please", she requested.
4. Exclamation: How intelligent he is!", she said. — " What a lovely garden!"
II. INDIRECT SPEECH:
1.1. Indirect speech thường dùng để , nói ng ười khác
1.2. Reporting verbs:
E.g. a. " Where did you go last night?", Mary asked John.
Mary asked John where he had gone the night before.
( Khi reporting verb(s) ở present / future thì chúng ta thay đổi ừ liên quan đến người; khi reporting verb(s) ở quá khứ, chúng ta phải thay đổi tenses, persons, adverbs và đôi khi cả động từ)
Reporting Verbs
Present or future Past
Changing Changing
Persons Tenses Person(s) Adverb(s) Verbs
b. - I shall come back to this restaurant .", he said.
E.g. He has said that he will come back to that restaurant.
He said that he would come back to that restaurant.
1.3. Changing persons:
I → he/ she; me/you → him/her; my → his/ her
We → they ; us → them; our → their
Mine → his/hers ; our → theirs ; myself → himself/herself.
1.4. Changing tenses:
* General rule : “ We have to go one tense back if reporting verb is at a past tense”.
1. Present → Past ; 2. Past → Past perfect ; 3. Future → Future in the Past
* Present perfect → Past perfect * Future perfect → Modal perfect (would have V3/Ved)
* can → could/ may → might / have to, has to → had to/
* must → had to or must ( deduction or possibility):
→ He said that George must be a fool to behave like that.
* mustn’t (prohibition) → mustn’t / couldn’t :
→ The guard said we mustn’t / couldn’t cross the border.
* needn’t → didn’t have to, needn’t.
→ The boss said that I needn’t/ didn’t have to come in the next day.
* shall (future) → would : “ I shall tell him exactly what I think,” she said
→ She said she would tell him exactly what she thought.
* shall ( offers, suggestions, requests for advice) → should:
- “ Shall I speak to him in person?”, she asked.→ She asked whether she should speak to him in person.
Unchanging: would rather/ had better/ should/ ought to/ used to/ had + V3/ conditionals 2,3/ past subjunctive…
1.5. Changing time:
Now → then/ immediately; today → that day; tonight → that night ;
Yesterday → the previous day/ the day before; last night → the night before
Tomorrow → the next day/ the following day; two days ago → two days before/ earlier
The day after tomorrow → two days after. The day before yesterday → two days before/ earlier
1.6. Changing adverbs of place:
Here → there ; this place → that place
1.7. Changing verbs: come/ bring → go/ take
* Jason said to me,” I’ll go to your birthday party.” Jason said that he would come to my birthday party
III. HOW TO CHANGE :
1. Statement:
said (to O)
S + told (O) THAT S + V (changed) + ( O/ C/ A)
reported …

1. “ I like your dress.”, she said to me. → She tells me that she likes my dress.
2. “ I like your dress.”, she said to me. → She told me that she liked my dress.
3. “ You haven’t learnt well recently.”, they said to Jason.
→ They said to/ told Jason that he hadn’t learnt well recently.
2. QUESTIONS:
2.1. Yes- No question: