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ABVERBIAL CLAUSE OF TIME

A. Mệnhđềtrạngngữchỉthờigian(Adverbial clause of time / Time-clause)thườngđượckếthợpvớimệnhđềchínhbằngcácliêntừthờigian (conjunctions of time) sau:
When, while, as, as soon as, until/til, after, before, since, once, whenever, the moment, no sooner…than, hardly…when
B. Use of tenses in the Time-clause: Chúng ta cóthểphânbiệtcáchdùngthìtrongmệnhđềchỉthờigiantheo 3 nhómsau:
1. Main clause (Present simple) + Time clause (Present simple, present progressive or present perfect)
I normally stay at hom when it rains
* Cảhaimệnhđềđềudùngthìhiệntạiđơnđểchỉmộtthóiquen ở hiệntại

He usually sings aloud when he is having a bath.
* Mệnhđềchỉthờigiandùngvớithìhiệntạitiếpdiễndùngđểchỉtínhliêntụccủahànhđộng.

He only goes out for a walk after he has had dinner.
Or: He only goes out for a walk after he has dinner.
* Mệnhđềthờigiandùngvớithìhiệntạihoànthànhđểnhấnmạnhsựhoàntấtcủamộthànhđộng.


2. Main clause (Future tenses) + Time clause (Present simple or present perfect)
- I’m going to wait until you finish work
- I am going to wait until you have finished work.
- We will go until you finish work.
- We will go until you have finished work.
* Mệnhđềchính: Thìtươnglai.
* Mệnhđềthờigian: cóthểdùngthìhiệntạiđơnhoặchiệntạihoànthành.

- The film will have already begun by the time we get to the cinema.
* Mệnhđềchính: Thìtươnglaihoànthànhđểchỉviệcgìsẽhoàntấttrướcmộtviệcgìkháctrongtươnglai.
* Mệnhđềthờigian: Thườngdùngvớithìhiệntạiđơn.


3. Main clause (past simple, past progressive or past perfect) + time clause (past simple, past progressive,or past perfect)
- She became speechless whenever she met a stranger.
- I usually felt cold when I was afraid.
* Cảhaimệnhđềdùngthìquákhứđơnđể chi mộtthóiquentrongquákhứ.

- The sun was shining when we arrived there.
- The accident happened while he was driving home.
* Mệnhđềchính: dùngthìquákhứtiếpdiễn, đểnóiđiềugìđangdiễnrathìmộtviệckháclàmgiánđoạn.

- My wife was cooking while I was looking after the baby.
- As the man was running away, the dog was chasing him.
* Cảhaimệnhđềđềudùngthìquákhứtiếpdiễnđểchỉhaihànhđộngcùngđồngthờidiễnratrongkhoảngthờigian.

- When I arrived, Anne made a cup of tea.
* Hai mệnhđềđềudùngthìquákhứđơnđểdiễntảhaihànhđộngkếtiếpnhau (= khitôiđếnthì Ann mớiđiphatrà).

- When / Before I arrived, Anne had made some biscuits.
Or: Anne had made some biscuits when/before I arrived.
* Mệnhđềchínhdùngthìquákhứhoànthànhđểnóimộthànhđộngđãhoàntấttrướcmộthànhđộngkháctrongquákhứ (=Khitôiđếnthì Anne đãlàmxongbánh qui).


* Chú ý: Khidùng since, chúng ta thườngdùngthìtronghaimệnhđềnhưsau: Main clause (present perfect) + Time clause (past simple).
Vídụ:
Tommy has made good progress since he came to this school.
I have been feeling better since since I took that medicin.
Since she graduated from college, she has changed her job three times.

Cácvídụkhácvớimệnhđềthờigian:
I still feel tired when I wake up in the morning.
His hands shake whenever he takes a photo.
When he arrives, he’ll tell us about the plan.
I’ll lend you this book when I have finished it.
The moment/ As soon as I know the result, I’ll call you.
He had an accident while he was driving to work.
He didn’t go home until he had finished his work.
They were quarreling as they were driving home.
Chú ý:
a) Hầuhếtcácthìđềuđượcdùngtrongmệnhđềthờigian, ngoạitrừcácthìtươnglai (future tenses).
Vídụ:
I’ll ask Brian about this when I meet him tomorrow.
(Not: I’ll ask Brian about this when I will meet him tomorrow.)
Lily intended to tell Gary the truth when she saw him the next day.
(Not: Lily intended to tell Gary the truth when she would see him the next day).

b) Chúng ta dùngthìquákhứđơnđốivớimệnhđềthờigiansau SINCE trongcấutrúc: It is + Time + since + Subject + Past simple.
Vídụ:
It’s ages since I enjoyed myself so much.
(= I haven’t enjoyed myself so much for ages)
It’s ten years since I last visited my hometown.
(= I haven’t visited my hometown for ten years)
Đôikhingười ta cũngdùngthìhiệntạihoànthànhsauSINCEtrongcấutrúcnày.
Vídụ:
It’s ages since I have enjoyed myself so much.

c) No sooner…thanvàHardly …when: Chúng ta thườngdùngthìquákhứhoànthànhtrongmệnhđềchínhvàthìquákhứđơntrongmệnhđềthờigianvớino sooner…than / hardly…when.
Vídụ:
She had no sooner drunk the coffee than she began to feel drowsy.
I had hardly turned on my computer when there was a power cut.
Chúng ta cũngcóthểdùngthìhiệntạiđơnvớino sooner…than / hardly…whenđểdiễntảthóiquenhoặcviệcthườngxuyênxảyra.
Vídụ:
They no sooner stop a quarrel than they start a new one.
He hardly makes any money when he spends it on gambling.
Chú ý: Hardly cóthểđượcthaythếbằngscarcelyhoặcbarely, nhưngkhôngthôngdụnglắm.
Vídụ:
He had scarcely/ barely bought a new cellphone when he got it lost.