GRAMMAR NOTES

GRAMMAR:
Phần Ngữ pháp phải nắm vững và biết sử dụng 5 phần cơ bản sau :
1. Động từ : (Verbs)
- Các thì trong tiếng Anh ( The English Tenses)
- Câu bị động ( The Passive Voice)

2. Câu điều kiện (Conditional Sentences)
- Điều kiện có thực (Real conditions)
- Điều kiện không có thực (giả thiết) (Unreal conditions)
3. Động từ chỉ tình thái (Modal Verbs)

- Can/Could
- May/Might
- Must/Have to
- Should/Would
4. Các dạng không chia của động từ ( The Non-Finites )
- Động từ nguyên thể ( The Infinitive )
- Danh động từ ( The Gerund )

5. Cách nói trực tiếp - gián tiếp (Direct and Indirect/Reported Speech)
III. READING COMPREHENSION

1. Phần trắc nghiệm - Chọn từ điền vào chỗ trống
2. Bài đọc hiểu với các dạng thức bài tập khác nhau
3. Đọc, chọn từ điền vào chỗ trống (Gap- Filling)

IV. WRITING
1. Dựng câu có hướng dẫn (Guided Sentence Building)
2. Viết lại câu (Re-writing/Sentence Transformaton)

V. TRANSLATION
Dịch Anh - Việt (English - Vietnamese Translation)
Dịch Việt - Anh (Vietnamese - English Translation)
IV. Đảo ngữ .. (INVERTED SUBJECT-VERB WORD ORDER WITH SPECIAL EXPRESSIONS AND IN CONDITIONAL SENTENCES)
The standard word order of the principal parts of English sentences is:
SUBJECT + VERB (+ OBJECT and/or + COMPLEMENT) .

The subject comes before the verb. The verb comes before its objects and/or before the complement of the sentence.
- Lan is eating.
S V
- Lan is happy.
S V Comp.
- Lan is eating chocolate.
S V dO
However, this standard word order is not followed in all English sentences. In certain situations, inverted subject-verb word order is used. That is, the subject of a sentence is placed after the first helping verb or after BE. If there is no verb BE or if there is no helping verb, the helping verb DO is added as the first verb in the sentence. This inverted subject-verb word order is most common in direct questions, but it is also common in other situations.
1. After special expressions of location:
- On the beach were five beach umbrellas.
Expr. of loc. V S
- Nowhere did he see her.
Expr. of loc. first V S
- First came a police car, then came an ambulance.
- He saw her nowhere.
2. After special negatives (NO, NOT, and NEVER)
and almost negative (HARDLY, RARELY,
SCARCELY, NOT ONLY, NOT UNTIL, NOT ONCE, AT
NO TIME, BY NO MEANS, BARELY, SELDOM, NO
SOONER,etc.) expressions.

- Never had I seen such a beautiful sight.
Negative first V S
3. After ONLY, and/or expressions beginning with ONLY (ONLY IN (ON, AT, BY, etc. ), ONLY ONCE, ONLY RECENTLY, ONLY IF, ONLY UNTIL, ONLY WHEN, ONLY AFTER , etc. .

- Only after he saw her did he understand everything.
Almost Negative first V S
- Only by asking questions, can you learn.
NOTE : When the negative or almost negative expression is part of a subordinate clause, the subject and verb of the subordinate clause are not inverted. The subject and the verb of the main clause are inverted.
4 After the special expressions SO and NEITHER :

- So happy was she that she danced around
the room.
- I liked coffee, and so did Nam .
V S
5. In conditional sentences that do not begin with IF :

- With IF : - If he had met you, he would have talked to you.
S V

- Without IF : - Had he met you, he would have talked to you.
first V S
VI. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
1. We can use IF with many different structures. Here are the most common:
1.1. Open present or future conditionals :
IF + present simple + will + infinitive
- If he asks me, I`ll help him. ( Perhaps he will ask me)

1.2. Unreal present or future conditionals:

IF + past simple + would + infinitive
- If he asked me I would help him ( But he won`t ask me, or he probably won`t )
1.3. Unreal past conditionals

IF + past perfect + would have + past participle
- If he had asked me I would have helped him
( But he didn`t ask me )
1.4. General conditionals:

IF + present simple + present simple

- If he asks me, I always help him. ( = Whenever he asks me . )
- If we heat metal, it expands.
An IF-clause can go at the beginning or end of a sentence.

- If it rains, we`ll stay at home.
- We`ll stay at home if it rains.
We often write a comma ( , ) after the IF- clause when we begin with this clause.
3. We can use conditional clauses without IF :
- Unless we hurry, we`ll be late.
- Suppose you won a lot of money, what would you do ?
- I`ll go to the party as/so long as, provided/providing (that) you go too.
- Should we have enough time, we`ll visit Sapa. (inversion)
THE PASSIVE VOICE
VERB
SUBJECT
OBJECT
SUBJECT
TO BE + PAST PAR.
by + AGENT
The Passive is formed by BE + ED (past participle).
In a passive sentence the object of an active verb
becomes the subject of the passive sentence.
Active : - Columbus discovered America.
Passive : - America was discovered by Columbus.
N.B. Only transitive verbs (that is, verbs that take an object) are used in the passive.
+ The passive is used when it is more convenient or important to stress the thing done than who performed it, or when the person who did the action is not known.
Active: - The thief stole my wallet.
Passive : - My wallet was stolen. (more usual)
PRACTICE
The students will receive the results tomorrow.
The teacher has seen the student.
The postman had already delivered the letters.
Lighting hit many tall buildings.
The students are going to hold a meeting.
Nam is writing the report.
They will discuss the matter at their next meeting.
The police caught the thief.