Grammar notes
Chia sẻ bởi Phuong Dai |
Ngày 20/10/2018 |
59
Chia sẻ tài liệu: Grammar notes thuộc Tiếng Anh 9
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Simple Capitalisation Guide
Capitalisation
Capital letters are used for two main purposes in English:
to show the beginning of a sentence
to show that a noun is a proper noun.
The first letter of every new sentence is capitalised. For example:- The postman delivered the parcel. It was very heavy.
The pronoun I is always capitalized. For example:- My name is Lynne, I am a teacher.
Proper nouns ( also called proper names) are the words which name specific people, organisations or places. They always start with a capital letter.
For example:-
Each part of a person`s name is a proper noun:-
Lynne Hand - Elizabeth Helen Ruth Jones ...
The names of companies, organisations, newspapers or trade marks:-
Microsoft - Rolls Royce - the Round Table - the Times - WWW
Given or pet names of animals:-
Lassie - Champion - Trigger - Skippy - Sam
The names of cities and countries and words derived from those proper nouns such as languages:-
Paris - London - New York - England - English - French
Geographical and Celestial Names:-
the Red Sea - Alpha Centauri - Mars - the River Thames
Particular places such as streets, monuments, buildings, meeting rooms:-
Manvers Road (the road), the Taj Mahal - the Eiffel Tower (the tower) - Room 222 (the room)
Historical events, documents, acts, and specific periods of time:-
the Civil War - the Declaration of Independence - the Freedom of Information Act - World War I -
Months, days of the week, holidays and special days:-
December - Monday - Christmas - Valentine`s Day (note seasons are not capitalised spring - summer - autumn - winter)
Religions, deities, scriptures:-
Christ - God - Jehovah - Mohammed - Christianity - Islam - Judaism - the Bible - the Koran - the Torah
Awards, vehicles, vehicle models and names, brand names:-
the Nobel Peace Prize - the Scout Movement - Ford Focus - the Bismarck - Kleenex - Hoover
!Note - You don`t need to capitalise the name of any currency in English.
Simple Pluralisation Guide
Plural Noun Forms
Regular Plurals
The plural form of most nouns is created simply by adding the letter `s` to the end of the word .
For example:-
minute - minutes
Nouns that end in -ch, -x, -s, -sh, z or s-like sounds, the plural is formed by adding `es` to the end of the word.
For example:-
church - churches | box - boxes | gas - gases | bush - bushes | ass - asses
Nouns that end in a single -z, the plural is formed by adding `zes` to the end of the word.
For example:-
quiz - quizzes
Most nouns ending in -o preceded by a consonant also form their plurals by adding `es` .
For example:-
potato - potatoes | tomato - tomatoes | volcano - volcanoes
However many newly created words and words with a Spanish or Italian origin that end in -o just add an `s`.
For example:-
photo - photos | piano - pianos | portico - porticos
Nouns ending in a consonant + y, drop the y and add `ies`.
For example:-
party - parties | lady - ladies
Most nouns ending in -f or -fe, drop the f and add `ves`.
For example:-
calf - calves | half - halves | wolf - wolves
Irregular Plurals
There are many common nouns that have irregular plurals.
For example:-
child - children | person - people | foot - feet | mouse - mice | tooth - teeth
Some nouns have identical plural and singular forms, although they are still considered to have a plural form.
For example:-
aircraft - aircraft | fish - fish | headquarters - headquarters | sheep - sheep | species - species
Uncountable nouns on the other hand have no plural form and take a singular verb (is / was ...).
For example:-
advice | information | luggage | news
Some nouns (especially those associated with two things) exist only in the plural form and take a plural verb (are / were...).
For example:-
cattle | scissors | trousers | tweezers | congratulations | pyjamas
Nouns that stem from older forms of English or are of foreign origin often have odd plurals.
For example:-
analysis - analyses | crisis - crises | ox - oxen | index - indices or indexes
In compound nouns the plural ending is usually added to the main noun.
For example:-
court martial - courts martial | son-in-law - sons-in-law | passer-by - passers-by
!Note - Some nouns just create controversy. Did you know that the proper plural spelling for roof is rooves and not the more common roofs?
Capitalisation
Capital letters are used for two main purposes in English:
to show the beginning of a sentence
to show that a noun is a proper noun.
The first letter of every new sentence is capitalised. For example:- The postman delivered the parcel. It was very heavy.
The pronoun I is always capitalized. For example:- My name is Lynne, I am a teacher.
Proper nouns ( also called proper names) are the words which name specific people, organisations or places. They always start with a capital letter.
For example:-
Each part of a person`s name is a proper noun:-
Lynne Hand - Elizabeth Helen Ruth Jones ...
The names of companies, organisations, newspapers or trade marks:-
Microsoft - Rolls Royce - the Round Table - the Times - WWW
Given or pet names of animals:-
Lassie - Champion - Trigger - Skippy - Sam
The names of cities and countries and words derived from those proper nouns such as languages:-
Paris - London - New York - England - English - French
Geographical and Celestial Names:-
the Red Sea - Alpha Centauri - Mars - the River Thames
Particular places such as streets, monuments, buildings, meeting rooms:-
Manvers Road (the road), the Taj Mahal - the Eiffel Tower (the tower) - Room 222 (the room)
Historical events, documents, acts, and specific periods of time:-
the Civil War - the Declaration of Independence - the Freedom of Information Act - World War I -
Months, days of the week, holidays and special days:-
December - Monday - Christmas - Valentine`s Day (note seasons are not capitalised spring - summer - autumn - winter)
Religions, deities, scriptures:-
Christ - God - Jehovah - Mohammed - Christianity - Islam - Judaism - the Bible - the Koran - the Torah
Awards, vehicles, vehicle models and names, brand names:-
the Nobel Peace Prize - the Scout Movement - Ford Focus - the Bismarck - Kleenex - Hoover
!Note - You don`t need to capitalise the name of any currency in English.
Simple Pluralisation Guide
Plural Noun Forms
Regular Plurals
The plural form of most nouns is created simply by adding the letter `s` to the end of the word .
For example:-
minute - minutes
Nouns that end in -ch, -x, -s, -sh, z or s-like sounds, the plural is formed by adding `es` to the end of the word.
For example:-
church - churches | box - boxes | gas - gases | bush - bushes | ass - asses
Nouns that end in a single -z, the plural is formed by adding `zes` to the end of the word.
For example:-
quiz - quizzes
Most nouns ending in -o preceded by a consonant also form their plurals by adding `es` .
For example:-
potato - potatoes | tomato - tomatoes | volcano - volcanoes
However many newly created words and words with a Spanish or Italian origin that end in -o just add an `s`.
For example:-
photo - photos | piano - pianos | portico - porticos
Nouns ending in a consonant + y, drop the y and add `ies`.
For example:-
party - parties | lady - ladies
Most nouns ending in -f or -fe, drop the f and add `ves`.
For example:-
calf - calves | half - halves | wolf - wolves
Irregular Plurals
There are many common nouns that have irregular plurals.
For example:-
child - children | person - people | foot - feet | mouse - mice | tooth - teeth
Some nouns have identical plural and singular forms, although they are still considered to have a plural form.
For example:-
aircraft - aircraft | fish - fish | headquarters - headquarters | sheep - sheep | species - species
Uncountable nouns on the other hand have no plural form and take a singular verb (is / was ...).
For example:-
advice | information | luggage | news
Some nouns (especially those associated with two things) exist only in the plural form and take a plural verb (are / were...).
For example:-
cattle | scissors | trousers | tweezers | congratulations | pyjamas
Nouns that stem from older forms of English or are of foreign origin often have odd plurals.
For example:-
analysis - analyses | crisis - crises | ox - oxen | index - indices or indexes
In compound nouns the plural ending is usually added to the main noun.
For example:-
court martial - courts martial | son-in-law - sons-in-law | passer-by - passers-by
!Note - Some nouns just create controversy. Did you know that the proper plural spelling for roof is rooves and not the more common roofs?
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