Grammar

ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ АГЕНТСТВО ПО ОБРАЗОВАНИЮ
Федеральное государственное образовательное учреждение
высшего профессионального образования
Сибирский федеральный университет
Красноярск, 2008



Профессиональный английский язык



Красноярск, 2008
Т. Н. Ямских
Р. А. Короленко
Ю. В. Глущенко

УДК 8020
ББК 81.2
Я58

Электронный учебно-методический комплекс по дисциплине «Профессиональный английский язык» подготовлен в рамках инновационной образовательной программы «Создание института экономики и управления в рамках Сибирского федерального университета», реализованной в ФГОУ ВПО СФУ в 2007 г.

Рецензенты:
Красноярский краевой фонд науки;
Экспертная комиссия СФУ по подготовке учебно-методических комплексов дисциплин

Ямских, Т. Н.
Я58 Профессиональный английский язык. Презентационные материалы. Версия 1.0 [Электронный ресурс] : наглядное пособие / Т. Н. Ямских, Р. А. Короленко, Ю. В. Глущенко. – Электрон. дан. (4 Мб). – Красноярск : ИПК СФУ, 2008. – (Профессиональный английский язык : УМКД № 197-2007 / рук. творч. коллектива Т. Н. Ямских). – 1 электрон. опт. диск (DVD). – Систем. требования : Intel Pentium (или аналогичный процессор других производителей) 1 ГГц ; 512 Мб оперативной памяти ; 4 Мб свободного дискового пространства ; привод DVD ; операционная система Microsoft Windows 2000 SP 4 / XP SP 2 / Vista (32 бит) ; Microsoft PowerPoint 2003 или выше.
ISBN 978-5-7638-1106-3 (комплекса)
ISBN 978-5-7638-0962-6 (пособия)
Номер гос. регистрации в ФГУП НТЦ «Информрегистр» 0320802622 от 08.12.2008 г. (комплекса)
Номер гос. регистрации в ФГУП НТЦ «Информрегистр» 0320802624 от 08.12.2008 г. (пособия)

Настоящее издание является частью электронного учебно-методического комплекса по дисциплине «Профессиональный английский язык», включающего учебную программу, конспект лекций, практикум, учебное пособие по самостоятельной работе, контрольно-измерительные материалы «Профессиональный английский язык. Банк тестовых заданий».
Представлена презентация (в виде слайдов) теоретического курса «Профессиональный английский язык».
Предназначено для студентов направления подготовки бакалавров 080300.62 «Коммерция» укрупненной группы 080000 «Экономика и управление».

© Сибирский федеральный университет, 2008

Рекомендовано к изданию Инновационно-методическим управлением СФУ

Разработка и оформление электронного образовательного ресурса: Центр технологий электронного обучения информационно-аналитического департамента СФУ; лаборатория по разработке мультимедийных электронных образовательных ресурсов при КрЦНИТ

Содержимое ресурса охраняется законом об авторском праве. Несанкционированное копирование и использование данного продукта запрещается. Встречающиеся названия программного обеспечения, изделий, устройств или систем могут являться зарегистрированными товарными знаками тех или иных фирм.

Подп. к использованию 01.09.2008
Объем 4 Мб
Красноярск: СФУ, 660041, Красноярск, пр. Свободный, 79
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Contents
Past Simple & Present Perfect
Countable & uncountable nouns
Articles usage
Nouns in Groups
Part I. Grammar review
Unit 1
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Contents
Present Simple &Present Continuous
Modal verbs can/could may/might
Modal verbs must/need
Modal verbs must/have to/be to
Modal verbs should/ought to
Part I. Grammar review
Unit 3
Unit 4
Active/Passive Forms
Future forms
Conditional 0
Conditional 1
Conditional 2
Conditional 3
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Contents
Present Perfect Continuous
Past Continuous
Past Perfect &Past Perfect Continuous
Part I. Grammar review
Unit 5
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Contents
Infinitive
Participles
Punctuation
Part I. Grammar review
Unit 8
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Contents
Reading English numerals 
Symbols and conventions used in Dictionaries 
Linking words

Part II. Language check
Unit 2
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Contents
Telephone English 
Meetings in English

Part II. Language check
Unit 4
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Contents


Part II. Language check
Unit 7
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Contents


Part II. Language check
Unit 7
Unit 8

How to write a CV (resume) in English 
Vocabulary for job interviews
Staff or staffs
Describing Trends
Describing importance
Describing satisfaction

Bibliography
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Part I. Grammar review
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Past Simple
FORM: [VERB+ed] or irregular verbs

You called Debbie
Did you call Debbie?
You did not call Debbie
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Past Simple is used to denote:

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Present Perfect
FORM: [has/have + past participle]

You have seen that movie many times
Have you seen that movie many times?
You have not seen that movie many times
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Present Perfect is associated with the following topics:
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Present Perfect is associated
with the following topics
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Countable & uncountable nouns
Countable nouns refer to people, places,
or things that can be counted
(one dollar/two dollars, one house, two houses)

Uncountable nouns often refer to food, beverages, substances, or abstractions
(meat, tea, steel, information)
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Common Uncountable English Nouns
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Common Uncountable English Nouns
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The Indefinite article a/an
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The Indefinite article a/an
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    The Definite Article the
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    The Definite Article the
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The Definite Article the 
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The Definite Article the 
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The Zero Article
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The Zero Article  
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Possessive case
of nouns `s is used:
to express a relationship between a person or animal and another person, animal or thing. eg. Peter`s friends
to show that something belongs to or is associated with a group of people, a place
or an organization. eg. our company`s policy
with nouns referring to the duration of an event
or a specific time. eg. yesterday`s newspaper
with noun that specifies a part of an object
or a quality it has. eg. the computer`s memory
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Compound nouns are commonly formed by placing two or three nouns together. The first noun classifies the second
Eg. an assembly line, a credit card
In expressions of measurement with a numeral, the first noun is singular
Eg. a fifty-dollar bill, a five-day course
We tend to combine two nouns with - of - when referring to more abstract concepts
Eg. the history of business
Compound nouns
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- er/-est
adjectives with one syllable
adjectives with two syllables and endings
- y,-er,-le,-ow
Adjectives. Degrees of Comparison
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Spelling of the adjectives using the endings -er/-est
Adjectives. Degrees of Comparison

2. more-the most - adjectives with more than one syllable
difficult - more difficult - (the) most difficult
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Irregular adjectives
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Constructions:

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Adverbs. Degrees of Comparison
hard - harder - (the) hardest
carefully - more carefully - (the) most carefully
Irregular adverbs
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Single noun
Add –s or -es
Use special rules
Countable nouns
Uncountable or taken from other language nouns
Plural of nouns
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Variations of final -s rule
Nouns that end with -s, -z, -x, -sh, -ch, add -es
glass/glasses, buzz/buzzes, box/boxes
Nouns that end in - o, add -es:
potato/potatoes, echo/echoes, hero/heroes
exceptions: auto/autos, kangaroo/kangaroos, memo/memos, piano/pianos
either: buffalo/buffalo(e)s, cargo/cargo(e)s, motto/motto(e)s, volcano/volcano(e)s
Nouns that end in a consonant + -y , change -y to -i and add -es
baby/babies, spy/spies, poppy/poppies
Nouns that end in -f, or -fe, change the -f to -v and add -es
shelf/shelves, wolf/wolves, knife/knives, wife/wives
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Exeptions
children/ child

ox/oxen

foot/feet
goose/geese
man/men
woman/ women
mouse/mice
tooth/teeth

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Nouns adopted
from other languages

Singular ends in –is / plural ends in -es
analysis/analyses, axis/axes, basis/bases, crisis/crises
Singular ends in –um / plural ends in -a
bacterium/bacteria, curriculum/curricula, datum/data, erratum/errata
Singular ends in –on / plural ends in -a
criterion/criteria, phenomenon/phenomena, automaton/automata
Singular ends in –a / plural ends in -ae
formula/formulae, antenna/antennae, vertebra/vertebrae
Singular ends in -ex or –ix / plural ends in -ices
appendix/appendices, cervix/cervices, index/indices, matrix/matrices
Singular ends in -us  / plural ends in -i
bacillus/bacilli, cactus/cacti, focus/foci, fungus/fungi, nucleus/nuclei, octopus/octopi, radius/radii
Singular ends in -us  / plural ends in -a
corpus/corpora, genus/genera
Singular ends in -eau  / plural ends in -eaux
bureau/bureaux, beau/beaux

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Quantifiers
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Relative clauses
A relative clause is a subordinate clause that begins with a relative pronoun
(who, which, whose, that)

Students who can develop
independent learning skills often
achieve good academic results
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who for people
that for both people and things
What’s the name of the person who/that first landed on the moon?
which for things
The ELC, which provides language support to students, is located on the first floor
whom as the object of a relative clause
This is Dr. Perkins, whom we met at a conference in Canada last year
whose to indicate possession
All students whose registration numbers begin with 374 should immediately go to the library for a tour
Relative pronouns
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Present Simple
VERB + s/es in the third person singular
is used to denote:


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Present continuous
 
am/is/are + present participle
is used:
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Present simple versus present continuous
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Present simple versus present continuous
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Can

Can is used:
to express ability
He can speak Spanish ,
but he can`t write it very well
to express permission
Can I talk to my friends in the library
waiting room?
to express theoretical possibility
American automobile makers can make better cars if they think there`s a profit in it
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Could
Could is used:
to express an ability in the past I could always beat you at tennis when we were kids
to express past or future permission Could I bury my cat in your back yard?
to express present possibility
We could always spend the afternoon just sitting around talking
to express possibility or ability in contingent circumstance If he studied harder, he could pass this course
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May and might
In the context of granting or seeking permission, might is the past tense of may
May I leave class early?
In the context of expressing possibility, may and might are interchangeable for present and future forms

might + have + past participle is used
for the past form:
She might be my advisor next semester
She might have advised me not to take sociology
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Need
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Need
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Must / to have to / to be
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Must / to have to / to be
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Should / ought to
The modal verbs ought to and should are used
to express:

expectation
I`m in a meeting at the moment. We should / ought to / expect to finish by 3 p.m. and I`ll call you back then

probability
You should / ought to receive the goods on Tuesday

desirability
You should / ought to have stayed for the last day of the conference, it was very interesting

an obligation or duty, giving advice
You should / ought to look at our prices, they are very competitive
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Active-voice verbs show the subject performing the action
Examples:
Most major employers require drugtesting
(Active voice; the subject is acting)


Dr. Smith recommended Tina for the job
(Active voice; the subject is acting)
Active- and Passive-Voice Verbs
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In passive-voice sentences, the subject is being acted upon. Passive-voice verbs
require helper verbs
Examples:
Drug testing is required by most
major employers
(Passive voice; the subject is being acted upon)
Tina was recommended for the job
by Dr. Smith
(Passive voice; the subject is being acted upon)
Active- and Passive-Voice Verbs
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How to identify passive voice
Usually contains a combination of a form of be and the past tense (or past participle) of an action verb
am, is, are, was, were
+
thrown, made, given …
Ask “Is or was a subject being acted upon?” (by someone or something)
Ask, “Who or what was responsible for the action?”
If you can’t identify who or what is responsible for the action visited upon someone or something, it’s probably passive
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Using Active- and Passive-Voice Verbs
Use the active voice for most business writing
Use the passive voice to emphasize an action or the recipient of the action – rather than the actor (Specialists were hired; Laura was honored)
Use the passive voice to break bad news (Although your lease cannot be renewed, we can offer . . . )
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Passive Voice Verb Forms
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Passive Voice Verb Forms
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Future Simple
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Will or be going to?
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Will or be going to?
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Conditional 0
Situations that are always true
if something happens
If you buy more than 200 calculators, we give you 20% discount
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Conditional 1
Real or possible situations
We will send you the first consignment of goods in April if we sign the agreement now
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Conditional 2
Unreal, impossible or improvable situations
I would forbid smoking during the day if I were the director of our company
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Conditional 3
Past situations with hypothetical results
If I had known that boss was watching I wouldn’t have played videogames on the working place
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Present Perfect Continuous
has/have + been + present participle

You have been waiting here for two hours.

Have you been waiting here for two hours?

You have not been waiting here for two hours
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Present Perfect Continuous
is used:

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Past Simple vs Present Perfect vs Present Perfect Continuous
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Past Simple vs Present Perfect vs Present Perfect Continuous
The Present Perfect + for and since with for and since and stative verbs, or to refer to actions that are seen as long term or permanent .
We use for to talk about the duration of the period of time and since to talk about the starting point of an action or state.I have been with my department for three years.I have been in Internet technologies since 1992
It is also used in the negatives with for and since to talk about the last time something took placeI haven`t met him for six month .I haven`t been feeling well recently 
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Past Simple vs Present Perfect vs Present Perfect Continuous
It is used with since to talk about completed action.The Commission has launched three new programs since December
The Present Perfect ContinuousThe present perfect continuous can be used with for and since to talk about activities that have gone on repeatedly or continuously for a period of time, and are still going on.
The Commission has been coordinating network development for 5 years
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Past Continuous
was/were + present participle

You were studying when she called.
Were you studying when she called?
You were not studying when she called
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Past Continuous is used:
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Past Continuous is used:
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Past Perfect
had + past participle

You had studied English before you moved to New York
Had you studied English before you moved to New York?
You had not studied English before you moved to New York
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Past Perfect is used:
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Past Perfect Continuous
had been + present participle

You had been waiting there for more than
two hours when she finally arrived

Had you been waiting there for more than
two hours when she finally arrived?

You had not been waiting there for more than
two hours when she finally arrived
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Past Perfect Continuous is used:
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Purpose clauses
to state the purpose of the action in the independent clause. The most common type of purpose clause
is a to-infinitive clause
Sarah went to the computer lab to print out her research report

In formal writing, in order to and so as to are often used
The company conducted a detailed survey in order to gauge its clients’ views

In formal writing, so that or in order that can be used These finite purpose clauses usually contain a modal
Dr Green adjusted the overhead projector so that the students would be able to see the chart more clearly
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Reason clauses
to explain why something happens, you can use a reason clause introduced by the conjunctions because, as or since

As she wanted to practice her spoken English, Carrie regularly took part in the ELC’s Big Mouth Corner

to express reason use the prepositional phrases because of and on account of

We were unable to carry out the experiment on account of a malfunction in the computer


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Result clauses
to indicate the result of an action or situation, you can use a result clause. Result clauses are introduced by conjunctions such as so, so... that, or such … that

The lecture was boring and irrelevant, so some of the students began to fall asleep

to talk about the result of an action or situation you may prefer to use and as a result or with the result that

The lecture was boring and irrelevant, and as a result some of the students began to fall asleep


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Backshift of tenses
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Backshift of tenses
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Shifting of expressions of time
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Reported orders, requests, suggestions
Patterns:
to report an order or request
verb + indirect object + to-clause
“Bring me the file, please.” → She told the secretary to bring her the file

to report a request for objects
ask + for + object
“Can you call him later? He is at meeting” → Secretary asked him to call later



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Verbs
tell, command, order, warn, ask, advise, invite, beg, teach, forbid , urge with a to-clause
“Do not leave this file in the office!.” → He advised not to leave that file in the office

suggest, insist, recommend, demand, request, propose are usually make a reported speech with a that-clause
“So lets work twice intensive to finish project till Friday.” → It was suggested to work twice intensive to finish project in time
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Reported questions
yes/no questions → if оr whether
“Will you bring me some coffee, please?” →
He asked her if she would bring him some coffee

Questions beginning with a question word → verb + subject → to subject + verb
"Where are you staying?" - Peter asked me where
I was staying
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Gerund
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Gerund
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Gerund
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Gerund
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Infinitive
An infinitive is a verbal consisting of the word to + verb and functioning as a noun, adjective, or adverb
to go to do to speak to read
In a sentence the infinitive can function as a subject, part of a predicate, an attribute, an object, and an adverbial modifier
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The bare infinitive
(without to) is used:
after most auxiliaries
She can`t speak to you
after verbs of perception, with the pattern
verb + object + bare infinitive
He saw her fall from the cliff
after the verbs `make` and `let`, with the pattern make/let + object + zero infinitive
Her parents let her stay out late
after the expression `had better‘
She had better ask him not to come
after the expression `would rather` when referring to the speaker`s own actions
Не said he would rather stay at home
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Predicative constructions
wth the infinitive
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Predicative constructions
wth the infinitive
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Participles
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Predicative Constructions with Participle
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Predicative Constructions with Participle
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Punctuation marks
apostrophe ( ’ ` )
brackets ( ), [ ], { }, < >
colon ( : )
comma ( , )
dashes ( ‒, –, —, ― )
ellipsis ( …, ... )
exclamation mark ( ! )
full stop/period ( . )

guillemets ( « » )
hyphen ( -, ‐ )
question mark ( ? )
quotation marks ( ‘ ’, “ ” )
semicolon ( ; )
slash/stroke ( / )
solidus ( ∕ )

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General typography
ampersand ( & )
asterisk ( * )
at ( @ )
backslash ( )
bullet ( • )
caret ( ^ )
currency ( ¤ ) ¢, $, €, £, ¥, ₩, ₪
degree ( ° )
dele ( )
emoticons (☻ )
inverted exclamation point ( ¡ )

inverted question mark ( ¿ )
number sign ( # )
numero sign ( № )
percent and related signs ( %, ‰, ‱ )
pilcrow ( ¶ )
prime ( ′ )
section sign ( § )
tilde/swung dash ( ~ )
umlaut/diaeresis ( ¨ )
underscore/understrike ( _ )
vertical/pipe/broken bar ( |, ¦ )
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Always follow these rules
of punctuation:
Put one space after punctuation
Put no spaces before punctuation, but always put a space between words
Put two spaces after colons and between sentences
Put end-of-sentence punctuation inside quotation marks
Put commas and other sentence punctuation outside of parentheses
Put a comma (plus a space) before and, but, or, and nor when they join two sentences
In general, if you use an adjective-plus-noun (or adverb-adjective) phrase to modify another noun the adjective and noun should be joined with a hyphen
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Always follow these rules
of punctuation:
Names of newspapers, books, movies, ships, magazines, journals, and poems are usually italicized or underlined
Ellipsis (...) is used to show that something has been omitted
For quotes within quotes, use single quotes



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Part II. Language check
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Word formation in English
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Word formation in English
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Word formation in English
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Word formation in English
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Cinquain poetry
A cinquain is a type of poetry. In many ways it is similar to a Japanese haiku

A cinquain goes by the number of words in each line. It was invented by US poet Adelaide Crapsey. She named her new construction cinquain, based on the French word for "five"

The cinquain is always made up of five lines. Modern forms of the cinquain often use word counts


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The layout for a cinquain
Title ________
Line 1 (one noun) ________________________________________
Line 2 (two adjectives describing the noun) __________________________________
Line 3 (three “ing” verbs describing the noun) ________________________________
Line 4 (statement about the noun) __________________________________________
Line 5 (repeat the noun or give a synonym) ___________________________________ 
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Eagles
Peaceful, Precious
Soaring, Rising, Dying
Symbol of freedom and glory
Eagle
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How to write a summary
Steps

1.  Read through the whole piece - carefully. Annotate as you read
2. Look back for the 1-2 sentences that state the author`s main point. Write it/them down
3. Reread the selection, dividing it into sections of thought
4. Write a sentence or two summarizing each section of thought 
5.  Write a first draft of your summary
6.  Check your draft against the original piece for accuracy
7. Revise the summary. In other words, link your section summary sentences together with good transitional words or phrases
8.  Proofread and spellcheck
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1. The title of the article (book, text) I’m going to speak (to write) about is…
2. As the title presumes, the article is about…
3. The article deals with…
4. The author of the article touches upon the problem(s) of…
5. The author of the article raises such urgent (acute, important, series, complicated, vital) problems (questions, issues) as...
6. The prime objective/target of the author is to attract the reader’s attention to the problem of...
7. The author starts with the statement of the problem and then logically passes over its possible solution
8. The author begins his article with the statement (comment, idea, question, remark) on/about...
Word patterns
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9. The author continues with the idea(s) (views, facts, figures) about...
10. The author concludes with the idea(s) (statement) that...
11. The article says “...”
The article runs “...”
12. The author refers to the data/the results of the research/the fact(s) that...
13. The idea (point of view, viewpoint, standpoint) of the author is the following...
14. The author’s opinion is that...
15. The article is informative (significant, profound, thought-provoking, captivating, urgent, acute...).
16. The message of the article is that...
17. The main idea of the article is the following...
Word patterns
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Measures of Length
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Measures of Area
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Measures of Volume
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Measures of Mass
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Temperature
To change temperature given in Fahrenheit (F) to Celsius (C) :
Start with (F)
Subtract 32
Multiply by 5
Divide by 9
The answer is (C)
To change temperature given in Celsius (C) to Fahrenheit (F):
Start with (C)
Multiply by 9
Divide by 5
Add on 32
The answer is (F)
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Reading English Numerals
"a" instead of "one"

100 - "a hundred"
1/2 - "a half "
11/2 - "one and a half "


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Fractions & decimals

1/8 one eighth
1/5 one fifth
1/4 one quarter
3/4 three quarters
1/3 one third
2/3 two thirds
1/2 one half


1.36 one point thirty six
0.06 nought point oh six
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0 in English
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0 in English
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Sums:
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Dates
June 1, 1977 – (US) June first, nineteen seventy-seven

1 June 1977 (GB) the first of June nineteen seventy-seven

What day is it? It is the twenty-sixth of February (GB).

It’s February twenty-sixth (US) – 2/26/1978
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Numbers in Writing
Spell out

numbers of one hundred or less
numbers that are rounded to hundreds
any number that begins a sentence
a fraction that stands alone without a whole number (one-half, two-thirds, three-quarters, etc.)
ordinal numbers (first, second, third, ....)
an expression of time unless it is a specific time using A.M. or P.M.
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Symbols and conventions used in dictionaries


We use dictionaries

to learn meanings of unfamiliar word
to find correct spellings
to find out how to correctly use a word – as
what part of speech
to find the pronunciation for a word
to find the derivation of a word (the origins of
the word)
to find the correct spellings of derivatives
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Dictionary entry

Mobility /mUə‘biləti; AmE moU-/

The ability to move easily from one place, social class, or job to another: social/geographical/ career mobility-see also UPWARD MOBILITY
The ability to move or travel around easily:
An electric wheelchair has given her greater mobility



*Oxford advanced learner’s dictionary, Oxford university press 8-th ed.,2004.-P.818
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Some useful abbreviations:
abbrev - abbreviation
adj - adjective
adv - adverb
agric - agriculture
bus - business
coll - colloquial
conj.‑ conjunction
econ - economics
e.g. - for example
esp -especially
etc. - and so on
id - idiomatic
i.e. -that is
interj.‑interjection
n - noun
opp - opposite to
pl - plural
pron.‑ pronoun
pv - phrasal verb
sb - somebody
sing - singular
sl - slang
sth - something
tdmk -trademark
UK - british english
us - american english
usu -usually
vb.‑ verb
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Linking Words
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Linking Words
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Negotiating in English
Rules to successful negotiations

Always try to negotiate for at least 15 minutes
Always offer to let the other party speak first
Always respect and listen to what your opponent has to say
Asknowledge what the other party says
Pay attention to your own and your counterpartner`s body language
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Language to use…
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Body language in negotiating
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The words and terms for telephoning
Answering machine-something that you can record a message on if the person you are calling isn`t home
Answer- to say "hello" into the phone when it rings
Call-a telephone conversation; to telephone
Caller-the person who telephones
Call back/phone back-to call someone who called you first
Call display-a screen that shows you who is calling
Cellular phone/cell phone-a telephone that you can take with you away from your house; mobile phone
Dial-to press the buttons on the phone
Operator- a person who answers telephone-related questions when you dial "0“
Phone-a telephone; to telephone
Ring-the sound a phone makes when somebody calls; to make that sound
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Well, since everyone is here, we should get started
Hello, everyone. Thank you for coming today
I think we`ll begin now. First I`d like to welcome you all
Thank you all for coming at such short notice
I really appreciate you all for attending today
We have a lot to cover today, so we really should begin
Opening the meeting
Meetings in English
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Introducing new people
I`d like to take a moment to introduce our new tour coordinator.
I know most of you, but there are a few unfamiliar faces.
Stella, would you like to stand up and introduce yourself?
Hi everyone. I`m Judy Strauss. I`ll be acting as Amanda`s assistant while Nancy is away on maternity leave.
Attendance
It looks like everyone is here today.
If you notice anyone missing, please let Jane know so that she can make a note of it.
Unfortunately, Ken cannot join us today. He has been called away on business
Mike will be standing in to take the minutes today, as Lisa is at home with the flu.
Taking the meetings
I think we`ve spent enough time on this topic.
We`re running short on time, so let`s move on.
We`re running behind schedule, so we`ll have to skip the next item.
We only have fifteen minutes remaining and there`s a lot left to cover.
If we don`t move on, we`ll run right into lunch
Keeping the discussion focused
Let`s stick to the task at hand, shall we?
I think we`re steering off topic a bit with this.
I`m afraid we`ve strayed from the matter at hand.
You can discuss this among yourselves at another time.
We`ve lost sight of the point here.
This matter is not on today`s agenda.
Let`s save this for another meeting.
Getting back to item number 5...
Now where were we? Oh yes, let`s vote
Voting
All in favour? (Those who agree raise their hands or say "Aye".)
All opposed?
Motion to hire more tour guides, moved by Thomas
Discussing
If I could just come in here...
I`m afraid I`d have to disagree about that.
Could I just say one thing?
I`m really glad you brought that up, Kana.
I couldn`t agree with you more. (I agree)
Jane, could you please speak up. We can`t hear you at the back.
If I could have the floor (chance to speak) for a moment...
Meeting
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It looks like we`ve run out of time, so I guess we`ll finish here
I think we`ve covered everything on the list
I guess that will be all for today
Well, look at that...we`ve finished ahead of schedule for once
If no one has anything else to add, then I think we`ll wrap this up
I`m afraid we`re going to have to cut this meeting short.
I`ve just been informed of a problem that needs my immediate attention
Closing the meeting
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Writing memos
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A `To` section
( Health & Safety Committee)

A `From` section. (Joe Chan, Chairperson, H&S Ctte)

A `Date` section.
A Subject Heading
(Room change for next meeting)
Signature (optional)
The message
Memo

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How to write an essay
Here`s How

Select the topic of your essay
Outline your essay into introductory, body and summary paragraphs
Use one sentence to introduce every body paragraph to follow
Finish the introductory paragraph with a short summary or goal statement
The penultimate sentence should restate your basic thesis of the essay
In each of the body paragraphs the ideas first presented in the introductory paragraph are developed
Body paragraphs should develop the central idea and finish with
a summary of that idea. There should be at least two examples
or facts in each body paragraph to support the central idea

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Tips
Use strong verbs and avoid modals to state your opinion

Do not apologize for what you are saying. An essay is about your opinion

Do not translate from your mother tongue, it will quickly get you into trouble!
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Phrasal verbs

A phrasal verb is a verb plus a preposition or adverb which creates a meaning different from the original verb
I ran into my teacher at the movies last night

Some phrasal verbs are intransitive. An intransitive verb cannot be followed by an object
He suddenly showed up

Some phrasal verbs are transitive. A transitive verb can be followed by an object
I made up the story
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Phrasal verbs

Some transitive phrasal verbs are separable. The object is placed between the verb and the preposition.
She looked the phone number up

Some transitive phrasal verbs are inseparable. The object is placed after the preposition
I ran into an old friend yesterday.
They are looking into the problem

Some transitive phrasal verbs can take an object in both places
I looked the number up in the phone book.
I looked up the number in the phone book
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To get + …
direct object
- to obtain, to receive, to buy
place expression
- reach, arrive at a place
adjective
- to become, show a change of state
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To get + preposition
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Expressions with GET
- to get rid of something → to throw it away
I`m going to get rid of all these old newspapers
- to get out of the wrong side → to be in a bad mood
He got out of the wrong side of the bed this morning and he`s been horrible all day
- to get your own back → to have your revenge or punish someone
She`s getting her own back for all those rude things you said at the party last night
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Get + adjective or Past Participle
I got sick after eating the red meat
(I became sick)
They will get married tomorrow
(They changed from single to married)
He got killed in the accident
(Something caused him to die)
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A standard business letter
has 10 elements:

Return Address
Date
Inside Address
Salutation
Body
Closing
Signature
Name
Position
Abbreviations at the end of a letter
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Full Block Format
XYZ COMMCO INC.[1]
111 Any Street -- San Francisco, CA 94118 -- (415) 221-1212 [1]
May 22, 2007 [2]

Mr. John Smith [3]
XYZ Company
123 Anything Avenue
San Francisco, CA 94115

Dear Mr. Smith: [4]
With the full-block letter style each paragraph begins on the left margin. Some more important information continues in the first paragraph for two to four sentences. [5]

Between paragraphs there is additional line space indicating a new paragraph. As before, this paragraph begins at the left margin, as do the date of composition, receiver’s address, complimentary close, sender’s name, title, and additional information. [5]

Sincerely yours, [6]
Terry or Terry D. Sender(signed) [7]

Terry D. Sender [8]
Project Manager [9]

TDS:YS [10]
CC: A. Receiver, B. Receiver
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Block Format
XYZ COMMCO INC [1]