FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR

Preview
1-1 The simple present and the present progressive
1-2 Forms of the simple present and the present…
1-3 Frequency adverbs
1-4 Final -s
1-5 Spelling of final -s/-es
1-6 Non-action verbs
1-7 Present verbs: short answers to yes/no…

CONTENTS
My name is Alex.
CHAPTER 1: PREVIEW
Nice to meet
you, Alex. My
name is Jonas.
I’m glad to meet you, too. Where are you from?
I’m from the Czech Republic.
CHAPTER 1: PREVIEW
Where do
you live now?
I live in
Mexico City.
CHAPTER 1: PREVIEW
Where do you live?
I live in a house
near school.
I live in an apartment
about ten minutes away by bicycle.
Where do you live?
CHAPTER 1: PREVIEW
We shop every Monday.
1-1 THE SIMPLE PRESENT AND THE PRESENT
PROGRESSIVE
past
future
THE SIMPLE PRESENT
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
1-1 THE SIMPLE PRESENT AND THE PRESENT
PROGRESSIVE
now
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Sunday
(a) Jill eats lunch every day.
(b) I usually study English
on Wednesday.

THE SIMPLE PRESENT
1-1 THE SIMPLE PRESENT AND THE PRESENT
PROGRESSIVE

events or situations
SIMPLE PRESENT (always, usually, habitually)
in the past, present, future
(a) Jill eats lunch every day.
(b) I usually study English
on Wednesday.
(c) Dogs bark. Lions roar.
THE SIMPLE PRESENT
daily habits,
usual activities
general
statements of fact
1-1 THE SIMPLE PRESENT AND THE PRESENT
PROGRESSIVE

events or situations
SIMPLE PRESENT (always, usually, habitually)
in the past, present, future
(d) NEGATIVE:
He doesn’t watch TV on weekends.
(e) QUESTION:
Does that dog bark loudly?
THE SIMPLE PRESENT
1-1 THE SIMPLE PRESENT AND THE PRESENT
PROGRESSIVE
THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
(f) Magda is feeding her horse right now.
(g) I can’t talk now. I am playing the guitar.
(h) They are eating dinner right now.
1-1 THE SIMPLE PRESENT AND THE PRESENT
PROGRESSIVE
THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

PRESENT an activity in progress
PROGRESSIVE (is happening right now)
(f) Magda is feeding her horse right now.
(g) I can’t talk now. I am playing the guitar.
(h) They are eating dinner right now.
1-1 THE SIMPLE PRESENT AND THE PRESENT
PROGRESSIVE

PRESENT
PROGRESSIVE am, is, are + -ing
FORM:
NEGATIVE:
It isn’t snowing right now.

(j) QUESTION:
Is it snowing right now?
THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
1-1 THE SIMPLE PRESENT AND THE PRESENT
PROGRESSIVE
n
start
now
finish?
THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
x
x
x
i
p
r
o
g
r
e
s
s
1-1 THE SIMPLE PRESENT AND THE PRESENT
PROGRESSIVE
It swims.
It is swimming.
1-2 FORMS OF THE SIMPLE PRESENT AND
THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
SIMPLE PRESENT
STATEMENT
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
They are running.
They run.
people in
running clothes –
but not running.
1-2 FORMS OF THE SIMPLE PRESENT AND
THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
SIMPLE PRESENT
QUESTION
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
Are you running?
Do you run?
1-2 FORMS OF THE SIMPLE PRESENT AND
THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
You’re
She’s
you
she + is
CONTRACTIONS
+
I
am
=
I’m
running.
+
are
=
running.

Pronoun + be
1-2 FORMS OF THE SIMPLE PRESENT AND
THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
=
running.
don’t
do
CONTRACTIONS
+
does
not
=
doesn’t
+
not
=
She doesn’t run.
They don’t run.
1-2 FORMS OF THE SIMPLE PRESENT AND
THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
aren’t
are

CONTRACTIONS
+
is
not
=
isn’t
+
not
=
He isn’t running.
I am not running.
They aren’t running.
(am

+ not = am not)
1-2 FORMS OF THE SIMPLE PRESENT AND
THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
1-1 / 1-2 LET’S PRACTICE
daily / usual habit
happening right now
It’s Monday, and my mom is teaching math.
or
?
daily / usual habit
happening right now
She doesn’t usually teach on Monday.
or
?
1-1 / 1-2 LET’S PRACTICE
daily / usual habit
happening right now
She usually teaches on Tuesday and Thursday.
or
?
1-1 / 1-2 LET’S PRACTICE
Today is unusual. She is teaching a
class for new students.
?
daily / usual habit
happening right now
or
1-1 / 1-2 LET’S PRACTICE
1. Are you _______?
sing
2. The birds __________ right now.
sing
3. They _____ every morning.
listening
are singing
sing
listen
1-1 / 1-2 LET’S PRACTICE
1. Are you ________ TV?
check email
2. No, I am ____________.
3. I always ___________
before I go to sleep.
watching
checking email
check email
watch
1-1 / 1-2 LET’S PRACTICE
check email
always
1-3 FREQUENCY ADVERBS
Ayako frequently talks on the phone.
frequently
usually
almost always
generally
occasionally
always
1-3 FREQUENCY ADVERBS
positive
hardly ever
rarely
seldom
almost never
not ever, never
negative
100%
0%
sometimes
often
(b) Hannah is always happy.

1-3 FREQUENCY ADVERBS
(a) Hannah always eats lunch at school.
SUBJECT + FREQ ADV + SIMPLE PRESENT VERB
(except be)

+
+
BE
SUBJECT
FREQ ADV

FREQ ADV
(c) Does he usually walk to school?
SUBJECT
+
QUESTION
1-3 FREQUENCY ADVERBS


NEGATIVE VERB
(d) Alex usually doesn’t eat meat.
FREQ ADV
+
(except always & ever)
1-3 FREQUENCY ADVERBS
(e) Alex doesn’t always eat meat.
Negative helping verb
Negative be verb
always
+
Negative adverb + negative verb
(f) CORRECT: Marcy never drinks milk.

(g) INCORRECT: Marcy doesn’t never drink milk.
1-3 FREQUENCY ADVERBS
1-3 FREQUENCY ADVERBS
hardly ever
rarely
seldom
almost never
not ever, never
Negative
adverbs
Negative adverb + negative verb

questions about frequency
Do you ever ride horses?
Yes, I sometimes ride horses.
(h)
1-3 FREQUENCY ADVERBS
“at any time”
Ever
Do you ride horses?
(i)
No, I don’t ever ride horses.
Ever with not
1-3 FREQUENCY ADVERBS
Do you ride horses?
(j)
I ever
ride horses.
Ever NOT used in statements
1-3 FREQUENCY ADVERBS
often plays
often
Jacob plays his guitar.
Jacob his guitar.
1-3 LET’S PRACTICE
usually
The baby is happy.
The baby is usually happy.
1-3 LET’S PRACTICE
always
Katie is at her violin lesson on Thursday.
Katie is always at her violin lesson on Thursday.
1-3 LET’S PRACTICE
1-4 FINAL -S
She eats.
She eats.
They eat together.

(a) SINGULAR: one dog
1-4 FINAL -S
(b) PLURAL: two dogs, three dogs,
many dogs, all dogs, etc.
SINGULAR = one, not two or more
PLURAL = two, three, or more

(c) Dogs bark.
(d) A dog barks.
A plural noun ends in -s.
A singular verb ends in -s.
1-4 FINAL -S

(e) A cat plays with the ball.
a singular subject +
a singular verb
It plays in the basement.
Zoe plays with her toys.
She plays happily.
Tyler plays with his toy trucks.
He plays every day.
1-4 FINAL -S
noun
or
verb
Justin has two children.
singular
or
plural
?
1-4 LET’S PRACTICE
verb
singular
noun
or
verb
Peaches are usually delicious.
singular
or
plural
noun
?
plural
1-4 LET’S PRACTICE
noun
or
verb
Peaches are usually delicious.
singular
or
plural
verb
?
plural
1-4 LET’S PRACTICE
noun
or
verb
My mom teaches at the university.
singular
or
plural
verb
?
singular
1-4 LET’S PRACTICE
1-5 SPELLING OF FINAL -SI-ES
My mom grows tomatoes
in her garden.

visit
speak
1-5 SPELLING OF FINAL -SI-ES
add -s, not -es, for most verbs
visits
speaks
ride
write
rides
writes
add -s, for verbs ending in -e
visites
speakes
misses
fixes

(c) catch
wash
add -es to -ch, -sh, -s, -x, -z
catches
washes
miss
fix
buzz
buzzes
1-5 SPELLING OF FINAL -SI-ES

(d) fly
consonant: change + -y to -i, & add -es
flies
(e) pay

pays
vowel + -y: add -s
flys
paies
payes
1-5 SPELLING OF FINAL -SI-ES

(f) go

do
irregular forms
goes

does
has
have
1-5 SPELLING OF FINAL -SI-ES
The child smile
Verb?
-s or -es?
s
a lot.
1-5 LET’S PRACTICE
wash
the car.
Verb?
-s or -es?
The girl
es
1-5 LET’S PRACTICE
his laundry on Monday.
Verb?
-s or -es?
He
do
es
1-5 LET’S PRACTICE
1-6 NON-ACTION VERBS
Elaine has a new car.
I am
preferring
iced tea.
I am knowing
your sister.
I am wanting
something
to drink.
(a) I know your sister.
1-6 NON-ACTION VERBS
I’m thirsty.


non-action verbs existing situation

action in progress? non-action verbs
(c) I prefer iced tea.
≠
I want something to drink.

(d) I think that learning English is important.
when think = believe (non-progressive)
(e) I am thinking about studying right now.
when think = thoughts in a person’s mind
(can be progressive)
1-6 NON-ACTION VERBS

(f) Jesse has a motorbike.
(g) My aunt is having an operation.
when have = own (not used in progressive)
when have own (can be progressive)
1-6 NON-ACTION VERBS
≠
remember
Does he always ________ your birthday?
remember
1-6 LET’S PRACTICE
PROGRESSIVE VERBS or NON-ACTION VERBS
have
Are you ______ trouble with your homework?
having
PROGRESSIVE VERBS or NON-ACTION VERBS
1-6 LET’S PRACTICE
she, think
What _____________ about?
is she thinking
PROGRESSIVE VERBS or NON-ACTION VERBS
1-6 LET’S PRACTICE
1-7 PRESENT VERBS: SHORT ANSWERS TO
YES/NO QUESTIONS
Is Andrew muddy?
QUESTION: Does Cheryl like yogurt?

SHORT ANSWER: Yes, she does.
No, she doesn’t.

LONG ANSWER: Yes, she likes yogurt.
No, she doesn’t like yogurt.

QUESTIONS WITH DO / DOES
1-7 PRESENT VERBS: SHORT ANSWERS TO
YES/NO QUESTIONS
QUESTION: Do you like yogurt?

SHORT ANSWER: Yes, I do.
No, I don’t.

LONG ANSWER: Yes, I like yogurt.
No, I don’t like yogurt.

QUESTIONS WITH DO / DOES
1-7 PRESENT VERBS: SHORT ANSWERS TO
YES/NO QUESTIONS
QUESTION: Are you teaching ?

SHORT ANSWER: Yes, I am.
No, I’m not.

LONG ANSWER: Yes, I am teaching.
No, I’m not teaching.

QUESTIONS WITH BE
1-7 PRESENT VERBS: SHORT ANSWERS TO
YES/NO QUESTIONS
QUESTION: Is Madison a teacher?

SHORT ANSWER: Yes, she is.
No, she’s not.
No, she isn’t.

LONG ANSWER: Yes, she is (she’s) a teacher.
No, she’s not a teacher.
No, she isn’t a teacher.

QUESTIONS WITH BE
1-7 PRESENT VERBS: SHORT ANSWERS TO
YES/NO QUESTIONS
QUESTION: Are Jean and Ali teaching ?

SHORT ANSWER: Yes, they are.
No, they’re not.
No, they aren’t.

LONG ANSWER: Yes, they are (they’re) teachers.
No, they’re not teachers.
No, they aren’t teachers.

QUESTIONS WITH BE
1-7 PRESENT VERBS: SHORT ANSWERS TO
YES/NO QUESTIONS
Does __________many text messages?
Oscar send
Oscar, send
1-7 QUESTIONS WITH DO/DOES
Yes, _______.
he does
he, send
____________a text message right now?
Is he sending
No, ______.
he isn’t
1-7 QUESTIONS WITH DO/DOES
your sister, like
Yes, ___.
you, like
_________ scary movies?
Do you like
No, ___________.
I do
__________________ scary movies, too?
Does your sister like
she doesn’t
1-7 LET’S PRACTICE
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