CLAUSE AND KINDS OF CLAUSE

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Thao Vy
Thanh Huong

Ai Nhan
Kim Ngan

Tuyen
Yen Nhi


CLAUSE AND KINDS OF CLAUSE





KINDS OF CLAUSE

1. Independent clauses
2. Dependent clauses
2.1. Definition
2.3. Kinds of dependent clause 
2.3.1. Noun clauses
2.3.2. Adverb clauses
2.3.3. Relative clauses




1. Independent clauses

Definition: An independent clause contains a subject and a verb (maybe compound subject/verb) and expressess a complete though. It can stand alone as a sentence by itselt. In a sentence, it can has two or more independent clause combined together by coordinating conjunctions.
Example:

The country life is quite and the air here is fresh and pure.
->This sentence has two independent clause "The country life is quite" and "the air here is fresh and pure" combined together by the coordinator “and”.
The class is over, all the pupils go out of the room
2. Dependent clauses
2.1. Definition: A dependent clause begins with a subordinator as when, while, if, that or who. A dependent clause dose not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence by itself.
A dependent clause combined with independent clause by clause connectors.
– Subordinators: who, whom, which, whose, that, when, while, as, as soon as, because, though, although, till, until, if, unless, wherever, whenever, why, when, where...
Ex: The girl who works at the café is John’s sister.  
I remember the house where I was born. 
– Coordinators: for, and, nor, but, so,...
Ex: He isn’t handsome, nor does he have a house.
=>She stayed at home because her mother was ill.
She stayed at home because her mother was ill.
(1) she stayed at home (independent clause)
(2) because her mother was ill (dependent clause)
In this sentence, it has two clause:
2.3. Kinds of dependent clause 
2.3.1. Noun clauses
KINDS OF NOUN CLAUSE:
- Noun clause as subject: when, that
Ex:
When the summit meeting will be held has not been decided. 
- Noun clause as object:
We know that the astronauts were very tired after their long trip. 
- Noun clause as subject complement:
The advantage of DVD is that it gives you much better picture quality. 


Definition: A noun clause is a dependent clause that functions as a noun. It can be a subject, object, or subject complement. A noun clause often begin with the words “that”, “if”, “whether” or some WH-words “what”, “when”, “where”,...

2.3.2. Adverb clauses
There are several different kinds of adverbial clauses:
a. Purpose clauses: An adverbial clause state the purpose of the action in the independent clauses. The purpose clauses is introduced by the subordinators so that, in order that, in case,..  

Example:
She dresses like that so that everyone will notice her 
Some people eat so that they may live. Others seem to live in order that they may eat. 
I am telling you this for fear that you should make a mistake. 
We had better take an umbrella in case it should rain. 
b. Reason clauses: An adverbial reason clause answers the question " why "? A reason clause is introduced by suborninators because, as, since, Seeing that, ..
 
Example:
He sold the car because it was too small 
As he was tired, he sat down. 
Since we have no money we can’t buy it. 
Seeing that you won’t help me, I must do the job myself.
c. Place clauses: An adverbial place clause tells where the action described by the main verb took place. A place clause clause is introduced by the subordinators where, wherever,..

d. Time clauses: An adverbial time clause tells when the action described by the independent clause verb took place. The action or situation in a time clause can occur at the same time or at a different time, as part of a sequence of events. A time clause is introduced by the subordinators when, while, before, after, since, as, until,as soon as, whenever, just as,..
Ex: I will go where you tell me. 
  Sit wherever you like. 
Ex: Time clauses
When it rains, I usually go to school by bus. 
I learned Japanese while I was in Tokyo. 
She learned English before she came to England. 
He came after night had fallen. 
I have not been well since I returned home. 
I saw her as she was leaving home. 
I will stay here until you get back. 
As soon as John heard the news, he wrote to me. 
Just as he entered the room, I heard a terrible explosion 
I’ll discuss it with you whenever you like. 
e. Manner, distance, and frequency clauses:
Adverbial clauses of manner, distance, and frequency are introduced by as, as....as, .....

+ adverbial clauses of manner answer the question " How? "
+ adverbial clauses of distance answers the question " How far?"
+ adverbial clauses of frequency answers the question " How often?"
Example:
The demonstrators left as the police had ordered (manner)
Pat jogs on the beach as far as she can ( distance)
She jogs on the beach as often as she can ( frequency)
@@@@@@@
- As if/ as though 
+ It looks as if it’s going to rain. 
He looked at me as if I were mad 
You look as if you hard seen a ghost
f. Result clause:  An adverbial result clause expresses the result of what is stated in the independent clause. A result clause is introduced by : so...that, such...that

The coffee is so hot that I cannot drink it 
It was such a hot day that I took off my Jacket. 

g.Contrast clause : In this type of adverbial clause, the information in the first clause is the direct oppo-site of the information in the second clause of the sentence. Use the subordinators while or whereas to introduce either clause. Place a comma between the two clauses. ( this is an exception to the rule.)

.
Though he looks ill, he is very strong. 
No matter how = however 
No matter who = whoever 
No matter where = wherever 
No matter what = whatever 
No matter where you go, you will find Coca-Coca.
No matter what you say, I don`t believe you.
Rich as he is, he never gives anybody anything. 
h. Comparison:
This exercise is not as easy as you think. 
i. Condition :
If it rains, we shall stay at home
Relative clauses
I. The relative pronoun: who whom, which, that, whose
1. WHO:
- Mastery of the relative clause
- Replace the noun only person
Ex: I Told you about the woman WHO lives next door.
The woman WHO saw the accident yesterday is my neighbor.
2. WHOM:
- As sufficient from the verb in relative clauses.
- Replace the noun only people
Ex: I was invited by the professor WHOM I met at the conference.
The man WHOM I saw yesterday is John.
3. WHICH:
- Employed from or excluded from the relative clause
- Replace the object nouns
Ex: He could not read WHICH surprised me.
The horse, WHICH I recently bought, name Mark
2.3.3. Relative clauses

4. THAT:
- Can replace the position of who, whom, in relative clauses define relations

Ex: He was the most interesting person that I have ever met

5. WHOSE:
- Refers to the noun property only people or animals, often in place of the word: her, his, their or form.

Ex: Do you know the boy whose mother is a nurse? A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.

WHY: opening the relative clause just reason, often instead of clusters for the reason, for that reason.
Ex: I do not know the reason. You did not go to school for that reason.
→ I do not know the reason why didn`t you go to school.
WHERE: alternative place word, often instead of there
Ex: The hotel was not very clean. We stayed at that hotel.
→ The hotel where we stayed was not very clean.
→ The hotel at which we stayed was not very clean.
WHEN: replaced from time only, usually on behalf of Athens
Ex: Do you still remember the day? We first met on that day.
→ Do you still remember the day when we first met?
→ Do you still remember the day on which we first met?
II. The state of relations
III. The clause related categories

There are two kinds of relative clauses: defining relative clauses and relative clause is not defined.
- Defining relative clauses: the clause is used to determine the noun preceding it. Clause clause identified as necessary for the meaning of the question, no it is not sufficient that question. It is used as nouns are nouns undefined and not use commas separated it from the main clause.
- Non-defining relative clauses: the clause provides additional information about a person, a thing or an action that has been identified. Unknown clause clause is not necessarily in question, there is no question it has enough means. It is used as nouns are nouns identified and separated from the main clause by one or two comma (,) or a hyphen (-)
Ex: Dalat, which I visited last summer, is very beautiful. (Non-defining relative clause)
* Note: in order to know when to use relative clauses are not identified, we note the following point.
- When the noun it modifies is a proper nouns - When the noun it modifies an adjective ownership (my, his, her, their)
- When the noun it modifies a noun to go with this, that, these, those.
IV. Note the relative clause


1.If the relative clause, the preposition preposition may place before or after the relative clause (applicable only to WHOM and WHICH)

Ex: Mr. Brown is a nice teacher. We studied with him last year.
Mr. Brown, with whom we studied last year, is a nice teacher.
Mr. Brown, whom we studied with last year, is a nice teacher.
2. Can be used "which" for the proposition that precedes it.
Ex: She can not come to my birthday party. That makes me sad.
She can not come to my birthday party, which makes me sad.
3. In place of residence since, WHOM can be replaced by WHO.
Ex: I`d like to talk to the man whom/who I met at your birthday party.
4. In determining relative clause, we can skip the sufficiency of relative made from: whom, whose.
Ex: The girl you met yesterday is my close friend.
The book you lent me was very interesting.
5. The phrase just some of the amount, some of, both of, all of, neither of, many of, none of ... can be used before whom, which, whose.
Ex: I have two sisters, both of whom are students.
She tried on three dresses, none of which fitted her.
V. Relative clause compact:
1. Relative clause compact participle phrase:
- Relative clause contain relative pronouns as the subject who, which, that can be compact clusters participle (V-ing) or past participle (V3/ed) .
- Relative clause is proactive clause compact clusters participle (V-ing).
Ex: The man who is standing over there is my father.
→ The man standing over there is my father.
The couple who live next door to me are professors.
→ The couple living next door to me are professonrs.
- Relative clause is passive clause compact clusters past participle (V3/ed)
2. Relative clause compact the infinitive phrase (To infinitive) precede the pronoun as the subject have phrase: the first, the second, the last, the only or compare superlative.
Ex: Jonh has the last person that got the news.
→ John was the last person to get the news.
He was the best player that the admire.
→ He was the best player to be admire.
He was the second man who was killed in this way.
→ He was the second man to be killed in this way.
Practice 1: combine the two sentences to make a new sentence using conjunctions

1. I couldn’t sleep. I was tired.
2. They have very little money. They are happy.
3. We live in the same street. We hardly ever see each other.
4. Angela got married. She was 23.
5. The phone rang three times. We were having dinner.
6. She dresses like that. Everyone will notice her.
7. He sold the car. It was too small.
8. I will stay here. You get back.

Anwser

1. Although I was tired, I couldn’t sleep.
2. They have very little money but they are happy.
3. Although we live in the same street, we hardly ever see each other.
4. Angela got married when she was 23.
5. The phone rang three times while we were having dinner.
6. She dresses like that so that everyone will notice her.
7. He sold the car because it was too small.
8. I will stay here until you get back.
 
Practice 1: combine the two sentences to make a new sentence using conjunctions

1.Peter wanted to have dinner with us. He hated eating on his own.
2. We saw several houses. Most of them were modern.
3. My brother has just sold his town house. His dream is to live in a farm house.
4. We pay a visit to the house. We lived in the house 10 years ago.
5. They’ll never forget the day. Their wedding took place on that day.
6. What was the name of the year? Your son was born on that year.
7. Hai phong is a nice city. Its streets are green.
8. I like the dog. Its fur is white.
9. Felipe bought a camera. The camera has three lenses.
10. Frank is the man. We are going to nominate Frank for the office of treasurer.
11. Janet wants a typewriter. The typewriter can self-correct.
 

Anwser

1. Peter, who hated eating on his own, wanted to have dinner with us
2. We saw several houses, most of which were modern.
3. My brother, whose dream is to live in a farm house, has just sold his town house.
4. We pay a visit to the house where we lived 10 years ago.
5. They’ll never forget the day on which their wedding took place.
6. What was the name of the year in which your son was born?
7. Hai phong, whose streets are green, is a nice city.
8. I like the dog whose fur is white.
9. Felipe bought a camera which has three lenses.
10. Frank is the man whom we are going to nominate for the office of treasurer.
11. Janet wants a typewriter which can self-correct.
Thanks every body