Chien tranh lanh

The Early
Cold War:
1947-1970
Ms. Susan M. Pojer
Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY
Part I:

“Reconstruction & Confrontation”
The Ideological Struggle
Soviet & Eastern Bloc Nations
[“Iron Curtain”]
US & the
Western Democracies
GOAL  spread world-wide Communism
GOAL  “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world.
[George Kennan]
METHODOLOGIES:
Espionage [KGB vs. CIA]
Arms Race [nuclear escalation]
Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy]  “proxy wars”
Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]
The “Iron Curtain”
From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe.
-- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946
Truman Doctrine [1947]
Civil War in Greece.
Turkey under pressure from the USSR for concessions in the Dardanelles.
The U. S. should support free peoples throughout the world who were resisting takeovers by armed minorities or outside pressures…We must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way.
The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey $400 million in aid.
Marshall Plan [1948]
“European Recovery
Program.”
Secretary of State,
George Marshall
The U. S. should provide
aid to all European nations
that need it. This move
is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos.
$12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe extended to Eastern Europe & USSR, [but this was rejected].
Post-War Germany
Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)
The Arms Race:
A “Missile Gap?”
The Soviet Union exploded its first A-bomb in 1949.
Now there were two nuclear superpowers!
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)
United States
Belgium
Britain
Canada
Denmark
France
Iceland
Italy
Luxemburg
Netherlands
Norway
Portugal
1952: Greece &
Turkey
1955: West Germany
1983: Spain
Warsaw Pact (1955)
U. S. S. R.
Albania
Bulgaria
Czechoslovakia
East Germany
Hungary
Poland
Rumania
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist
states, it doesn`t
depend on you
whether we
(Soviet Union) exist.
If you don`t like us,
don`t accept our
invitations, and don`t
invite us to come
to see you. Whether
you like it our not, history is on our side. We will bury you. -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
An Historic Irony: Sergei Khrushchev, American Citizen
Who buried who?
Mao’s Revolution: 1949
Who lost China? – A 2nd } Power!
The Korean War: A “Police Action” (1950-1953)
Syngman Rhee
Kim Il-Sung
“Domino Theory”
The Suez Crisis: 1956-1957
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
The Hungarian Uprising: 1956
Imre Nagy, Hungarian
Prime Minister
Promised free elections.
This could lead to the end of communist rule in Hungary.
Sputnik I (1957)
The Russians have beaten America in space—they have the technological edge!
Nixon-Khrushchev
“Kitchen Debate”
(1959)
Cold War --->
Tensions
<--- technology
& Affluence
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col. Francis Gary Powers’ plane was shot down over Soviet airspace.
Paris, 1961
Khrushchev & JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation. Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young, inexperienced, and can be rolled.
The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961)
Checkpoint
Charlie
Ich bin ein Berliner!
(1963)
President Kennedy tells Berliners that the West is with them!
Khruschev Embraces Castro,
1961
Bay of Pigs Debacle (1961)
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the Russians, and the other man blinked!
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
Vietnam War: 1965-1973
“Prague Spring” (1968)
Former Czech President, Alexander Dubček
Communism with a human face!
“Prague Spring” Dashed!
Dissidents/playwrights arrested [like
Vaclav Havel—future president of a free
Czech Republic].
4th French Republic: 1945-1958
Democratic, but politically unstable
[27 governments!]
Universal suffrage.
Weak President; powerful legislature
Many political parties [coalition governments]
Failure to gracefully leave Indochina.
Botched the Suez War.
Failed to settle the Algerian Crisis.
5th French Republic
(1958-Present)
Powerful President.
* first: Charles
DeGaulle
Weak Cabinet.
Weakened
legislature.
Separation of
powers.
DeGaulle’s Achievements
Settled the Algerian
Crisis.
Made France a
nuclear power.
Sustained general
prosperity.
Maintained a stable,
democratic government.
Made France more
politically independent.
BUT, late ’60s student unrest and social changes challenged him. In 1968 he resigned & died of a heart attack in 1970.
Student Riots in Paris
(May, 1968)
Clement Attlee & the Labor Party: 1945-1951
Limited socialist program
[modern welfare state].
Natl. Insurance Act
Natl. Health Service
Act
Nationalized coal mines,
public utilities, steel
industry, the Bank of
England, RRs, motor
transportation, and aviation.
Social insurance legislation: “Cradle-to-Grave” security.
Socialized medicine  free national health care.
Clement Attlee & the Labor Party: 1945-1951
Britain is in a big debt!
The beginning of the end of the British Empire.
India – 1947

Palestine – 1948

Kenya  Mau Mau
uprising - 1955
Churchill Returns: 1951-1955
He never really tried to destroy the “welfare state” established by Attlee’s government.
The Federated Republic
of Germany
Created in 1949 with
the capital at Bonn.
Its army limited to
12 divisions [275,000].
Konrad Adenauer, a
Christian Democrat,
was its 1st President.
Coalition of moderates and conservatives.
Pro-Western foreign policy.
German “economic miracle.”
“Father of Modern Germany.”
Italy After WW II
Alcide de Gasperi was Italy’s P.M. from 1948-1953
Coalition governments [short and unstable!]
Part II:


“European
Union”
European Economic Integration
1947  General Agreement on Tariffs
and Trade [GATT]
23 nations.
Became the foundation of postwar global commerce.
It set up procedures to handle commercial complaints.
It provided a framework for continuing negotiations [“rounds”].
By 1990, 99 nations were participating.
European Economic Integration
1952  European Coal & Steel
Community [ECSC].
HQ in Luxembourg.
“Inner Six”  Benelux nations,
France, Italy,
W. Germany.
Placed their coal and steel industries under a form of supranational authority.
Eliminated tariff duties and quotas on coal and steel.
European Economic Integration
1957  European Economic
Community [EEC]
HQ  Brussels.
Treaty of Rome.
European Economic Integration
1957  European Economic
Community [EEC]
France, W. Germany, Italy, Benelux.
Created a larger free trade area, or customs union.
Eliminate all trade barriers.
One common tariff with the outside world.
Free movement of capital & labor.
European Economic Integration
1967  combined the ECSC &
EEC to form the
European Community
[EC].
HQ  Brussels.
European Parliament.
“Eurocrats.”
518 members [elected by all voters in Europe].
Only limited legislative power.
Court of Justice.
European Economic Integration
1991-92  Maastricht Agreements
European Union [EU] created from the EC.
One currency, one culture, one social area, and one environment!
Create a “frontier-free” Europe  a common EU passport.
One large “common market.”
Goods coming into the EU would have high tariffs placed on them.
2002  a common currency [Euro]
2003  60,000 men EU rapid defense
force was created.