Carbon

Nguyen Hoang Trung
Nguyen Le Quyen
BRIEF CONTENT
A.INTRO
B.CHEMISTRY OF CARBON
C.TYPE OF CARBON
D.CARBON`S BONDING
PATTERN
E.ISOMERS
F.CHEMICAL BONDING THEORY
G.STRUTURE OF ORGANIC COMPOUND
H.PROPERTY OF ORGANIC COMPOUND
I.SOLUBILITY,STABILITY,ACID-BASE






A.INTRO
-Carbon is the fourth most abundant element in the universe by mass after hydrogen, helium, and oxygen.
-It is present in all known lifeforms( the human body carbon is the second most abundant element by mass about 18.5% after oxygen.
- this element the chemical basis of all known life.
B.CHEMISTRY OF CARBON
-Group 14
-Atomic number:6
-Valence electron (electron in outer shell):4
-can bond with up to four other atoms (usually H, O, N, or another C).
- graphite, diamond, and amorphous carbon


C.TYPE OF CARBON
-Three main forms of Pure Carbon
Diamond
Rigid, compact, strong and hardest
– Graphite
Soft and slippery
– Fullerenes
Large hollow spheres/cages of carbon (like a soccer ball)
Question: Why do we have the various properties of forms of carbon in different allotropes? ex: graphite and diamond have the opposite characteristic
D.CARBON’S BONDING
PATTERN
*Have different way to make up
the bond
Carbon-to-carbon bonds can
be single (A), double (B), or
triple (C).


-Carbon-to-carbon chains can be (A) straight, (B) branched, or (C) in a closed ring.
-With oxygen: The double bonds between Carbon and oxygen
-With hydrogen: The single bonds between Carbon and hydrogen

E.ISOMERS
a. Definition: Isomers are different molecules with the same molecular formula
they have different chemical and physical properties
b. Some example :isomers of carbon
F.CHEMICAL BONDING THEORY
-The theory show the way OF making the bonding
Octet Rule
-For most atoms of interest this means achieving a valence shell configuration of 8 electrons corresponding to that of the nearest noble gas
2. Electronegativity
- the ability of an atom to attract electrons


3. Ionic Bonds
When ionic bonds are formed atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve the electronic configuration of the nearest noble gas
4. Covalent Bonds
occur between atoms of similar electronegativity
- Atoms achieve octets by sharing of valence electrons
G.STRUTURE OF ORGANIC COMPOUND
1.With hydrogen
-Hydrocarbon: organic compound containing ONLY C and H
*Saturated hydrocarbon: are single covalent bonds
-Also called alkanes , including straight chains, branched chains and rings
*Unsaturated Hydrocarbons: contains one or more double or triple bonds
-Including Alkenes , Ankynes, Aromatic Hydrocarbons
2. With oxygen
-alcohol, glucose,
-Esters:
-Ethers
-Ketones
- Aldehyde formate
-Some times : some organic compound between carbon and nitrogen, chloride, sulfur
ex: CH3NH2, CH3Cl , amino acid
H.PROPERTY OF ORGANIC COMPOUND
a. Definition
-An organic compound
-Inorganic compounds : they are not—organic compounds
b. Compare between 2 kinds of compound

Most important
-diversity of organic compound
Ex: difference in arrangement between molecules will get a new compound
-C2H6O: 2 compounds
a.C2H5OH:We have alcohol
b.H3C-O-CH3: Ether
-Whereas, inorganic compound not have this property
Ex: HCL or H2SO4

I.SOLUBILITY,STABILITY .ACID-BASE
-Most organic molecules are usually soluble in organic solvents
(e.g. diethyl ether, dichloromethane, chloroform, petroleum ether, hexanes etc
-some organic molecules are also soluble in water.
-group in a water-soluble compound : Question: Why Do Some Solids Dissolve in Water?
-Compounds (insoluble in water) :dissolve in aqueous acid or base if they form an ionic species.
Ex: The solubility of carboxylic acids and phenols in aqueous hydroxide
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