Cach viet tat trong TA- Abbreviation

ABBREVIATIONS
Give the full form of these followings:

1.USA
2.NATO
3.UNO
4.VOA
5.V- Day
6.TV
7.Prof.
8.Zoo
9.ITCC
10.ASEAN
11.FM
12.Interpol
13.B.C
14.brunch
15.UNESCO



United Nations of America
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
United Nations Organization
Voice of America
Victory day
Television
Professor
Zoological garden
International Training and Consultancy Center
Association of South-East Asia Nations
Frequency modulation
International Criminal Police Organization
Before Christ
Breakfast and lunch
United Nations Educasional, Scientific and Cultural organization
So what is Abbreviation?
How many types of Abbreviation?
How to make Abbreviation?

An abbreviation is a shortened form of a word or phrase.( the shortening of a word or phrase to be used to represent the full form.)
There are four main types of abbreviations: clipped forms, acronyms, blended forms and contractions.
Clipped forms of words usually consist of the few letters of the full form.
Eg: cont. = continued, in = inch.
limo = limousine, hippo = hippopotamus
bus = omnibus, taxi = taxicab
zoo = zoological garden, deli = delicatessen
ad = advertisement, dorm = dormitory
memo = memorandum
1. Clipped forms
+ Initial clipping: the first part of a word is clipped : Phone = telephone, plane = airplane….
+ Final clipping: the last part of a word is clipped :
Exam = examination, Lab = laboratory, sis = sister,
prof. = professor, doc = document….
+ Initio- final clipping: both the first and the last parts are clipped.
flu = influenza, tec = detective….
+ Medial clipping: the medial part is clipped:
maths = mathematics, specs = spectacles,
V-day = Victory day, H-bomb = Hydro bomb….
2. Acronyms
Acronyms are abbreviations that are formed using the initial components in a phrase or name.( Acronyms also are the new words built from the initials of several words. )
Eg:BBC = British Broadcasting Corporation
VOA = Voice of America
UNO = United Nations Organization
UNESCO = United Nations Educasional,
Scientific and Cultural Organization
R&R = rest and recreation
R&D = research and development
ASAP = as soon as possible.
ITALY = I trust and love you.
BTW = by the way…
☼ There are two special cases of Acronyms: Monograms and Homonymy.
Monograms: are two or more letters combined in one design. They are usually used in hand-kerchiefs, note-paper and in wedding invitations.





Homonymy: are based on the use of idetical sounds of words and letters.
Eg: I.O.U = I owe you, G9 = good night,
B4 = before, OIC = Oh,I see, N = and
CU29 = see you to night, 10Q = thank you.
3. Blending
Blending is the special type of shortening where parts of words merge into one new word.
Eg: brunch = breakfast + lunch, smog = smoke + fog,
motol ( motel) = motor + hotel,
medicare = medical + care.
Broccoflower = broccoli + cauliflower
camcorder = camera + recorder
edutainment = education + entertainment
infomercial = information + commercial
simulcast = simultaneous + broadcast
spork = spoon + pork
4. Contractions
Contractions are abbreviated forms in which letters from the middle of the full form have been omitted.
►A kind of contraction is the type with an apostrophe marking the omission of letters:
☻The first category of contractions is those formed by an auxiliary verb or form of be plus the word not, with the o replaced by an apostrophe, e.g. don`t (do not), wouldn`t (would not), can`t (cannot), didn`t (did not), haven`t (have not). Notable exceptions include won`t (will not), shan`t (shall not), and, in non-standard English, ain`t (is not, are not, am not).
☻The second category is generally in the form of a pronoun (or occasionally a noun) plus an auxiliary verb or a form of to be, with the apostrophe replacing as few as one letter, as in it`s for it is , or four and five letters, as in I`d for I would or I should, or two in you`ve = you have.
Some more examples: dep’t = department
add’l = additional, ass’n = association
rec’d = received, ma`am for madam
and fo`c`sle for forecastle.
Another kind of contraction is the type with a period ending.
Eg: Dr. = doctor, St. = saint or street,
dept. = department,
assn. = association.
Inc. = incorporate,
Ltd. = limited


Here are the common ways of using abbreviation:
- Titles (dignity):
+ personal: Mr. = Mister, Mrs. = Mistress
+ professional: Dr. = Doctor, Prof. = professor,
Engr. = Engineer
+ Military: Col.= Colonel, Capt.= Captain,
Maj.= Major
- Time adverbs: A.D.= anno Domini, B.C.= before Christ
am = ante meridiem (before noon),
pm = post meridiem (afternoon)
- Terms used in formal texts:
Chap. = Chapter, e.g.= exempli grantia ( for example),
i.e.= id est ( that is), vs. = versus, etc. = et cetera
Technology and digital age:
AM= amplitude modulation, FM= frequency modulation
bgs= bits per second,
CD-ROM= Compact disk read- only memory,
CPU= Central processing unit,
DOS= Disk operating system, HD= hard disk
Parts of place names: Ave.= Avenue, St.= street,
Blvd.= boulevard
- Compass points: N= North, S= South,
NE= northeast...
Units of measure: cm.=centimeter, ft.= foot( feet),
lb= pound, mph= mile(s) per hour
- Courses of study ( for particular school’s prospectus or publication):
Eco.=Economics, Poli. Sci.= Political Science, B.A= bachelor of arts, M.A = Master of Arts
The use of currency sign:
USD= United States dollar
VND= Viet Nam dong
PHP= Philipine peso
Institution’s own abbreviation:
DOT= Departure of Tourism,
Phinabank= Philipine National Bank
VCB= Viet Nam commercial Bank
- Dates in list, graphs, tables:
Jan/ Ja = January,
Feb/ Fe = February,
Mon= Monday...
- In the dictionary, telephone directory, zip code and airport code:
Manila MNL/ Mla.
Bangkok BKK
BombayBOM
Ho Chi Minh HCM
What types of abbreviation are they?
Dr.
CIA
AIDS
Æ
Auto
4U



Doctor -> Contraction
Central Intelligence Agency -> Acronym
Acquired Immune Deficency Syndrome -> Acronym
-> Blended
Automatic -> final Clipping
For you -> Acronym ( Homonymy)