Cach dung ADj va ADV

113 Adverbs and word order
A Where do adverbs go?
There are three places in the sentences where an adverb can go. They are called front position (at the beginning of a sentence), mid position (see B) and end position (at the end of a sentence). (But for adverbs of degree see Unit 115.)
FRONT MID END
Then the ship slowly sailed away. Outside it was obviously raining hard.
B Mid position
Mid position means close to the verb. Here are some examples of adverbs in mid position.


AUXILIARY
ADVERB
AUXILIARY MAIN VfcRB


The visitors
are
just
leaving.


Andrew
has
always
liked
Jessica.

We
don`t
often
go
out in the evening.

You
should
never
take
unnecessary risks.

The pictures
have
definitely
been stolen.


I

really
hate
housework.

You

probably
left
the bag on the bus.

The adverb comes after the first auxiliary, e.g. are, has, don`t.
If there is no auxiliary, then the adverb comes before the main verb, e.g. hate, left.
Note the word order in questions.
Has Andrew always liked Jessica? Do you often go out in the evening?
When the verb be is on its own, the adverb usually comes after it.
The boss is usually in a bad temper. You`re certainly a lot better today.
When there is stress on the main verb be or on the auxiliary, then the adverb usually comes before it. You certainly are a lot better today. I really have made a mess, haven`t I?
C Verb and object
An adverb does not usually go between the verb and the direct object. We put it in end position, after the object.
VERB OBJECT ADVERB
Tom ate his breakfast quickly. not Tom-ate-quickly his`-breakfast. We played volleyball yesterday, not We played yesterday volleyball.
I like classical music very much, not I like very much classical music.
But an adverb can go before a long object.
Detectives examined carefully the contents of the dead man`s pockets.
D Adverbs of manner
An adverb of manner tells us how something happens, e.g. noisily, quickly. It usually goes in end position, but an adverb which ends in ly can sometimes go in mid position. We asked permission politely. We politely asked permission.
E Adverbs of place and time
Adverbs and adverbial phrases of place and time usually go in end position.
Is there a phone box nearby? People didn`t have cars then.
We`re meeting by the entrance. Trevor wasn`t very well last week.
Did you have a nice time in New York? I`ll see you before very long. Sometimes they can go in front position.
We`re really busy this week. Last week we had nothing to do.
Some short adverbs of time can also go in mid position.
I`ll soon find out. The train is now approaching Swindon. For yet, still and already see Unit 114.
F Adverbs of frequency
An adverb of frequency tells us `how often`. It usually goes in mid position (see B).
Mark is always in such a hurry. I sometimes feel depressed.
I`ve often thought about getting married. Do you usually work so late? Normally, usually, often, sometimes and occasionally can also go in front or end position.
Normally Sarah goes by train. 1 feel depressed sometimes.
Phrases like every day, once a week or most evenings go in front or end position. Every day we go logging. Rachel has a driving lesson three times a week. There`s a news summary every hour. We watch television most evenings.
G Sentence adverbs
A sentence adverb is a word or phrase like certainly, perhaps, luckily, of course. It says something about the situation described in the sentence. The adverb can go in front, mid or end position. Sometimes we put a comma after or before the adverb, especially in front or end position.
Fortunately, the weather stayed fine. Maybe you`ll win a free holiday.
We`ll probably have to queue for tickets. Rachel was late, of course. In a negative sentence, probably and certainly come before won`t, didn`t, etc.
We probably won`t get there in time. I certainly didn`t expect a present!
Also usually goes in mid position, but too and as well go in end position.
Melanie bakes lovely cakes. She also makes bread./She makes bread, too/as well.
H End position
There can be more than one adverb or adverbial phrase in end position. Usually a single-word adverb (e.g. safely) comes before a phrase (e.g. on a small airfield).
They landed safely on a small airfield. I always eat here at