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Periodic Table of the Elements
= Internet link
(
)
Select an element
Other Physical DATA
Groups of Elements
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
*
W
W
*
Li
3
He
2
C
6
N
7
O
8
F
9
Ne
10
Na
11
B
5
Be
4
H
1
Al
13
Si
14
P
15
S
16
Cl
17
Ar
18
K
19
Ca
20
Sc
21
Ti
22
V
23
Cr
24
Mn
25
Fe
26
Co
27
Ni
28
Cu
29
Zn
30
Ga
31
Ge
32
As
33
Se
34
Br
35
Kr
36
Rb
37
Sr
38
Y
39
Zr
40
Nb
41
Mo
42
Tc
43
Ru
44
Rh
45
Pd
46
Ag
47
Cd
48
In
49
Sn
50
Sb
51
Te
52
I
53
Xe
54
Cs
55
Ba
56
Hf
72
Ta
73
W
74
Re
75
Os
76
Ir
77
Pt
78
Au
79
Hg
80
Tl
81
Pb
82
Bi
83
Po
84
At
85
Rn
86
Fr
87
Ra
88
Rf
104
Db
105
Sg
106
Bh
107
Hs
108
Mt
109
Mg
12
Ce
58
Pr
59
Nd
60
Pm
61
Sm
62
Eu
63
Gd
64
Tb
65
Dy
66
Ho
67
Er
68
Tm
69
Yb
70
Lu
71
Th
90
Pa
91
U
92
Np
93
Pu
94
Am
95
Cm
96
Bk
97
Cf
98
Es
99
Fm
100
Md
101
No
102
Lr
103
La
57
Ac
89
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
*
W
1A
2A
1A
2A
3A
4A
5A
6A
7A
8A
Alkali metals
Alkaline earth metals
Transition metals
Inner transition metals
Boron group
Carbon group
Nitrogen group
Oxygen group
Halogens
Noble gases
Hydrogen
3B
5B
6B
7B
8B
1B
2B
3A
4A
5A
6A
7A
8A
4B
Periodic Table
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Li
3
He
2
C
6
N
7
O
8
F
9
Ne
10
Na
11
B
5
Be
4
H
1
Al
13
Si
14
P
15
S
16
Cl
17
Ar
18
K
19
Ca
20
Sc
21
Ti
22
V
23
Cr
24
Mn
25
Fe
26
Co
27
Ni
28
Cu
29
Zn
30
Ga
31
Ge
32
As
33
Se
34
Br
35
Kr
36
Rb
37
Sr
38
Y
39
Zr
40
Nb
41
Mo
42
Tc
43
Ru
44
Rh
45
Pd
46
Ag
47
Cd
48
In
49
Sn
50
Sb
51
Te
52
I
53
Xe
54
Cs
55
Ba
56
Hf
72
Ta
73
W
74
Re
75
Os
76
Ir
77
Pt
78
Au
79
Hg
80
Tl
81
Pb
82
Bi
83
Po
84
At
85
Rn
86
Fr
87
Ra
88
Rf
104
Db
105
Sg
106
Bh
107
Hs
108
Mt
109
Mg
12
Ce
58
Pr
59
Nd
60
Pm
61
Sm
62
Eu
63
Gd
64
Tb
65
Dy
66
Ho
67
Er
68
Tm
69
Yb
70
Lu
71
Th
90
Pa
91
U
92
Np
93
Pu
94
Am
95
Cm
96
Bk
97
Cf
98
Es
99
Fm
100
Md
101
No
102
Lr
103
La
57
Ac
89
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1A
2A
Alkali metals
Alkaline earth metals
Transition metals
Boron group
Nonmetals
Noble gases
3B
5B
6B
7B
8B
1B
2B
3A
4A
5A
6A
7A
8A
4B
Lanthanoid Series
6
7
Actinoid Series
C
Solid
Br
Liquid
H
Gas
Dutch Periodic Table
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
Strong, Journal of Chemical Education, Sept. 1989, page 743
How to Organize Elements… Periodic Table Designs
Discovering the Periodic Table
Journal of Chemical Education, Sept. 1989
Metals and Nonmetals
Li
3
He
2
C
6
N
7
O
8
F
9
Ne
10
Na
11
B
5
Be
4
H
1
Al
13
Si
14
P
15
S
16
Cl
17
Ar
18
K
19
Ca
20
Sc
21
Ti
22
V
23
Cr
24
Mn
25
Fe
26
Co
27
Ni
28
Cu
29
Zn
30
Ga
31
Ge
32
As
33
Se
34
Br
35
Kr
36
Rb
37
Sr
38
Y
39
Zr
40
Nb
41
Mo
42
Tc
43
Ru
44
Rh
45
Pd
46
Ag
47
Cd
48
In
49
Sn
50
Sb
51
Te
52
I
53
Xe
54
Cs
55
Ba
56
Hf
72
Ta
73
W
74
Re
75
Os
76
Ir
77
Pt
78
Au
79
Hg
80
Tl
81
Pb
82
Bi
83
Po
84
At
85
Rn
86
Fr
87
Ra
88
Rf
104
Db
105
Sg
106
Bh
107
Hs
108
Mt
109
Mg
12
Ce
58
Pr
59
Nd
60
Pm
61
Sm
62
Eu
63
Gd
64
Tb
65
Dy
66
Ho
67
Er
68
Tm
69
Yb
70
Lu
71
Th
90
Pa
91
U
92
Np
93
Pu
94
Am
95
Cm
96
Bk
97
Cf
98
Es
99
Fm
100
Md
101
No
102
Lr
103
La
57
Ac
89
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
*
W
METALS
Nonmetals
Li
3
H
1
He
2
C
6
N
7
O
8
F
9
Ne
10
Na
11
B
5
Be
4
H
1
Al
13
Si
14
P
15
S
16
Cl
17
Ar
18
K
19
Ca
20
Sc
21
Ti
22
V
23
Cr
24
Mn
25
Fe
26
Co
27
Ni
28
Cu
29
Zn
30
Ga
31
Ge
32
As
33
Se
34
Br
35
Kr
36
Rb
37
Sr
38
Y
39
Zr
40
Nb
41
Mo
42
Tc
43
Ru
44
Rh
45
Pd
46
Ag
47
Cd
48
In
49
Sn
50
Sb
51
Te
52
I
53
Xe
54
Cs
55
Ba
56
Hf
72
Ta
73
W
74
Re
75
Os
76
Ir
77
Pt
78
Au
79
Hg
80
Tl
81
Pb
82
Bi
83
Po
84
At
85
Rn
86
Fr
87
Ra
88
Rf
104
Db
105
Sg
106
Bh
107
Hs
108
Mt
109
Mg
12
Ce
58
Pr
59
Nd
60
Pm
61
Sm
62
Eu
63
Gd
64
Tb
65
Dy
66
Ho
67
Er
68
Tm
69
Yb
70
Lu
71
Th
90
Pa
91
U
92
Np
93
Pu
94
Am
95
Cm
96
Bk
97
Cf
98
Es
99
Fm
100
Md
101
No
102
Lr
103
La
57
Ac
89
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
*
W
http://www.elementsdatabase.com/
The Periodic Table
Li
3
He
2
C
6
N
7
O
8
F
9
Ne
10
Na
11
B
5
Be
4
H
1
Al
13
Si
14
P
15
S
16
Cl
17
Ar
18
K
19
Ca
20
Sc
21
Ti
22
V
23
Cr
24
Mn
25
Fe
26
Co
27
Ni
28
Cu
29
Zn
30
Ga
31
Ge
32
As
33
Se
34
Br
35
Kr
36
Rb
37
Sr
38
Y
39
Zr
40
Nb
41
Mo
42
Tc
43
Ru
44
Rh
45
Pd
46
Ag
47
Cd
48
In
49
Sn
50
Sb
51
Te
52
I
53
Xe
54
Cs
55
Ba
56
*
Hf
72
Ta
73
W
74
Re
75
Os
76
Ir
77
Pt
78
Au
79
Hg
80
Tl
81
Pb
82
Bi
83
Po
84
At
85
Rn
86
Fr
87
Ra
88
Y
Rf
104
Db
105
Sg
106
Bh
107
Hs
108
Mt
109
Mg
12
Ce
58
Pr
59
Nd
60
Pm
61
Sm
62
Eu
63
Gd
64
Tb
65
Dy
66
Ho
67
Er
68
Tm
69
Yb
70
Lu
71
Th
90
Pa
91
U
92
Np
93
Pu
94
Am
95
Cm
96
Bk
97
Cf
98
Es
99
Fm
100
Md
101
No
102
Lr
103
La
57
Ac
89
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
* Lanthanides
Y Actinides
Noble
gases
Halogens
Transition metals
Alkaline
earth metals
Alkali metals
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Orbitals Being Filled
1s
2s
3s
4s
5s
6s
7s
3d
4d
5d
6d
2p
3p
4p
5p
6p
1s
La
Ac
1
3 4 5 6 7
4f
5f
Lanthanide series
Actinide series
Groups
8
Periods
1
2
2
3
4
5
6
7
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 345
Electron Filling in Periodic Table
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
s
d
p
s
f
*
W
W
*
Electron Filling in Periodic Table
metallic character increases
nonmetallic character increases
metallic character increases
nonmetallic character increases
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
s
d
p
s
f
*
W
W
*
Li
3
H
1
He
2
C
6
N
7
O
8
F
9
Ne
10
Na
11
B
5
Be
4
H
1
Al
13
Si
14
P
15
S
16
Cl
17
Ar
18
K
19
Ca
20
Sc
21
Ti
22
V
23
Cr
24
Mn
25
Fe
26
Co
27
Ni
28
Cu
29
Zn
30
Ga
31
Ge
32
As
33
Se
34
Br
35
Kr
36
Rb
37
Sr
38
Y
39
Zr
40
Nb
41
Mo
42
Tc
43
Ru
44
Rh
45
Pd
46
Ag
47
Cd
48
In
49
Sn
50
Sb
51
Te
52
I
53
Xe
54
Cs
55
Ba
56
Hf
72
Ta
73
W
74
Re
75
Os
76
Ir
77
Pt
78
Au
79
Hg
80
Tl
81
Pb
82
Bi
83
Po
84
At
85
Rn
86
Fr
87
Ra
88
Rf
104
Db
105
Sg
106
Bh
107
Hs
108
Mt
109
Mg
12
Ce
58
Pr
59
Nd
60
Pm
61
Sm
62
Eu
63
Gd
64
Tb
65
Dy
66
Ho
67
Er
68
Tm
69
Yb
70
Lu
71
Th
90
Pa
91
U
92
Np
93
Pu
94
Am
95
Cm
96
Bk
97
Cf
98
Es
99
Fm
100
Md
101
No
102
Lr
103
La
57
Ac
89
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
*
W
Periodic Table
1
2
3
4
5
6
Li
180.5
He
-269.7
C
4100
N
-210.1
O
-218.8
F
-219.6
Ne
-248.6
Na
98
B
2027
Be
1283
H
-259.2
Al
660
Si
1423
P
44.2
S
119
Cl
-101
Ar
-189.6
K
63.2
Ca
850
Sc
1423
Ti
1677
V
1917
Cr
1900
Mn
1244
Fe
1539
Co
1495
Ni
1455
Cu
1083
Zn
420
Ga
29.78
Ge
960
As
817
Se
217.4
Br
-7.2
Kr
-157.2
Rb
38.8
Sr
770
Y
1500
Zr
1852
Nb
2487
Mo
2610
Tc
2127
Ru
2427
Rh
1966
Pd
1550
Ag
961
Cd
321
In
156.2
Sn
231.9
Sb
630.5
Te
450
I
113.6
Xe
-111.9
Cs
28.6
Ba
710
Hf
2222
Ta
2997
W
3380
Re
3180
Os
2727
Ir
2454
Pt
1769
Au
1063
Hg
-38.9
Tl
303.6
Pb
327.4
Bi
271.3
Po
254
At
Rn
-71
Mg
650
Mg
650
1
2
3
4
5
6
Melting Points
Symbol
Melting point oC
> 3000 oC
2000 - 3000 oC
La
920
Ralph A. Burns, Fundamentals of Chemistry , 1999, page 1999
1
2
3
4
5
6
W
Li
0.53
He
0.126
C
2.26
N
0.81
O
1.14
F
1.11
Ne
1.204
Na
0.97
B
2.5
Be
1.8
H
0.071
Al
2.70
Si
2.4
P
1.82w
S
2.07
Cl
1.557
Ar
1.402
K
0.86
Ca
1.55
Sc
(2.5)
Ti
4.5
V
5.96
Cr
7.1
Mn
7.4
Fe
7.86
Co
8.9
Ni
8.90
Cu
8.92
Zn
7.14
Ga
5.91
Ge
5.36
As
5,7
Se
4.7
Br
3.119
Kr
2.6
Rb
1.53
Sr
2.6
Y
5.51
Zr
6.4
Nb
8.4
Mo
10.2
Tc
11.5
Ru
12.5
Rh
12.5
Pd
12.0
Ag
10.5
Cd
8.6
In
7.3
Sn
7.3
Sb
6.7
Te
6.1
I
4.93
Xe
3.06
Cs
1.90
Ba
3.5
Hf
13.1
Ta
16.6
W
19.3
Re
21.4
Os
22.48
Ir
22.4
Pt
21.45
Au
19.3
Hg
13.55
Tl
11.85
Pb
11.34
Bi
9.8
Po
9.4
At
---
Rn
4.4
Mg
1.74
1
2
3
4
5
6
Densities of Elements
Mg
1.74
Symbol
Density in g/cm3C, for gases, in g/L
8.0 – 11.9 g/cm3
12.0 – 17.9 g/cm3
> 18.0 g/cm3
La
6.7
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
Electronegativities
7
Period
1A
2A
3B
4B
5B
6B
7B
1B
2B
3A
4A
5A
6A
7A
8A
Hill, Petrucci, General Chemistry An Integrated Approach 2nd Edition, page 373
8B
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
s
d
p
s
f
*
W
W
*
Electron Filling in Periodic Table
Li
2s1
H
1s1
He
1s2
C
2p2
N
2p3
O
2p4
F
2p5
Ne
2p6
Na
3s1
B
2p1
Be
2s2
H
1s1
Al
3p1
Si
3p2
P
3p3
S
3p4
Cl
3p5
Ar
3p6
K
4s1
Ca
4s2
Sc
3d1
Ti
3d2
V
3d3
Cr
3d5
Mn
3d5
Fe
3d6
Co
3d7
Ni
3d8
Cu
3d10
Zn
3d10
Ga
4p1
Ge
4p2
As
4p3
Se
4p4
Br
4p5
Kr
4p6
Rb
5s1
Sr
5s2
Y
4d1
Zr
4d2
Nb
4d4
Mo
4d5
Tc
4d6
Ru
4d7
Rh
4d8
Pd
4d10
Ag
4d10
Cd
4p1
In
5p1
Sn
5p2
Sb
5p3
Te
5p4
I
5p5
Xe
5p6
Cs
6s1
Ba
6s2
Hf
5d2
Ta
5d3
W
5d4
Re
5d5
Os
5d6
Ir
5d7
Pt
5d9
Au
5d10
Hg
5d10
Tl
6p1
Pb
6p2
Bi
6p3
Po
6p4
At
6p5
Rn
6p6
Fr
7s1
Ra
7s2
Rf
6d2
Db
6d3
Sg
6d4
Bh
6d5
Hs
6d6
Mt
6d7
Mg
3s2
Ce
4f2
Pr
4f3
Nd
4f4
Pm
4f5
Sm
4f6
Eu
4f7
Gd
4f7
Tb
4f9
Dy
4f10
Ho
4f11
Er
4f12
Tm
4f13
Yb
4f14
Lu
4f114
Th
6d2
Pa
5f2
U
5f3
Np
5f4
Pu
5f6
Am
5f7
Cm
5f7
Bk
5f8
Cf
5f10
Es
5f11
Fm
5f14
Md
5f13
No
5f14
Lr
5f14
La
5d1
Ac
6d1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
s
d
p
s
f
*
W
W
*
Atomic Radii
Li
Na
K
Rb
Cs
Cl
S
P
Si
Al
Br
Se
As
Ge
Ga
I
Te
Sb
Sn
In
Tl
Pb
Bi
Mg
Ca
Sr
Ba
Be
F
O
N
C
B
IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA
Atomic Radii of Representative Elements (nm)
LeMay Jr, Beall, Robblee, Brower, Chemistry Connections to Our Changing World , 1996, page 175
Li
Na
K
Rb
Cs
Cl
S
P
Si
Al
Br
Se
As
Ge
Ga
I
Te
Sb
Sn
In
Tl
Pb
Bi
Mg
Ca
Sr
Ba
Be
F
O
N
C
B
0.1.52 0.111
0.186 0.160
0.231 0.197
0.244 0.215
0.262 0.217
0.088 0.077 0.070 0.066 0.064
0.143 0.117 0.110 0.104 0.099
0.122 0.122 0.121 0.117 0.114
0.162 0.140 0.141 0.137 0.133
0.171 0.175 0.146 0.140 0.140
1A 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A
At
Po
Atomic Radii
IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA
Ionic Radii
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
Ionization Energies
7
Be
900
Al
578
Si
787
Ti
659
V
651
Cr
653
Mn
717
Fe
762
Co
760
Ni
737
Cu
746
Zn
906
Ga
579
Ge
762
Nb
652
Mo
684
Tc
702
Ag
731
Cd
868
In
558
Sn
709
Sb
834
Ta
761
W
770
Re
760
Hg
1007
Tl
589
Pb
716
Bi
703
N
1402
O
1314
F
1681
Cl
1251
C
1086
S
1000
Br
1140
I
1008
Na
496
K
419
Rb
403
Cs
376
Ba
503
Fr
--
Ra
509
H
1312
B
801
P
1012
As
947
Se
941
Ru
710
Rh
720
Pd
804
Te
869
Os
839
Ir
878
Pt
868
Au
890
Po
812
At
--
Period
Actinide series
Li
520
Ca
590
Sc
633
Sr
550
Y
600
Zr
640
Hf
659
Mg
738
La
538
Ac
490
Lanthanide series
*
*
y
y
Group 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
9
Ne
2081
Ar
1521
Kr
1351
Xe
1170
Rn
1038
He
2372
Rf
--
Db
--
Sg
--
Bh
--
Hs
--
Mt
--
Ce
534
Pr
527
Nd
533
Pm
536
Sm
545
Eu
547
Gd
592
Tb
566
Dy
573
Ho
581
Er
589
Tm
597
Yb
603
Lu
523
Th
587
Pa
570
U
598
Np
600
Pu
585
Am
578
Cm
581
Bk
601
Cf
608
Es
619
Fm
627
Md
635
No
642
Lr
--
Ds
--
Uub
--
Uut
--
Uuq
--
Uup
--
Uuu
--
Uuo
--
Mg
738
Symbol
First Ionization Energy
(kJ/mol)
8
10
First Ionization Energies
(in kilojoules per mole)
H
1312.1
Li
520.3
Na
495.9
K
418.9
Be
899.5
Mg
737.8
Ca
589.9
B
800.7
Al
577.6
Ga
578.6
C
1086.5
Si
786.5
Ge
761.2
N
1402.4
P
1011.8
As
946.5
O
1314.0
S
999.7
Se
940.7
F
1681.1
Cl
1251.2
Br
1142.7
Ne
2080.8
Ar
1520.6
Kr
1350.8
He
2372.5
Rb
402.9
Sr
549.2
In
558.2
Sn
708.4
Sb
833.8
Te
869.0
I
1008.7
Xe
1170.3
Smoot, Price, Smith, Chemistry A Modern Course 1987, page 188
First Ionization Energies
(kJ/mol)
H
1312.1
Li
520.3
Na
495.9
K
418.9
Be
899.5
Mg
737.8
Ca
589.9
B
800.7
Al
577.6
Ga
578.6
C
1086.5
Si
786.5
Ge
761.2
N
1402.4
P
1011.8
As
946.5
O
1314.0
S
999.7
Se
940.7
F
1681.1
Cl
1251.2
Br
1142.7
Ne
2080.8
Ar
1520.6
Kr
1350.8
He
2372.5
Rb
402.9
Sr
549.2
In
558.2
Sn
708.4
Sb
833.8
Te
869.0
I
1008.7
Xe
1170.3
Smoot, Price, Smith, Chemistry A Modern Course 1987, page 188
s
p
Ionization Energies (kJ/mol)
Element
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
Ar
Herron, Frank, Sarquis, Sarquis, Cchrader, Kulka, Chemistry 1996, Heath, page
1st
498
736
577
787
1063
1000
1255
1519
2nd
4560
1445
1815
1575
1890
2260
2295
2665
3rd
6910
7730
2740
3220
2905
3375
3850
3945
4th
9540
10,600
11,600
4350
4950
4565
5160
5770
5th
13,400
13,600
15,000
16,100
6270
6950
6560
7320
6th
16,600
18,000
18,310
19,800
21,200
8490
9360
8780
Ionization Energies (kJ/mol)
Element
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
Ar
Herron, Frank, Sarquis, Sarquis, Cchrader, Kulka, Chemistry 1996, Heath, page
1st
498
736
577
787
1063
1000
1255
1519
2nd
4560
1445
1815
1575
1890
2260
2295
2665
3rd
6910
7730
2740
3220
2905
3375
3850
3945
4th
9540
10,600
11,600
4350
4950
4565
5160
5770
5th
13,400
13,600
15,000
16,100
6270
6950
6560
7320
6th
16,600
18,000
18,310
19,800
21,200
8490
9360
8780
Essential Elements
Li
3
He
2
C
6
N
7
O
8
F
9
Ne
10
Na
11
B
5
Be
4
H
1
Al
13
Si
14
P
15
S
16
Cl
17
Ar
18
K
19
Ca
20
Sc
21
Ti
22
V
23
Cr
24
Mn
25
Fe
26
Co
27
Ni
28
Cu
29
Zn
30
Ga
31
Ge
32
As
33
Se
34
Br
35
Kr
36
Rb
37
Sr
38
Y
39
Zr
40
Nb
41
Mo
42
Tc
43
Ru
44
Rh
45
Pd
46
Ag
47
Cd
48
In
49
Sn
50
Sb
51
Te
52
I
53
Xe
54
Cs
55
Ba
56
Hf
72
Ta
72
W
74
Re
75
Os
76
Ir
77
Pt
78
Au
79
Hg
80
Tl
81
Pb
82
Bi
83
Po
84
At
85
Rn
86
Mg
12
La
57
Elements in organic matter
Major minerals
Trace elements
Davis, Metcalfe, Williams, Castka, Modern Chemistry, 1999, page 748
Oxidation State of Elements
Se2-
Te2-
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
Al3+
Zn2+
Ag1+
N3-
O2-
F1-
Cl1-
S2-
Br1-
I1-
Period
Group 1
2
13
14
15
16
17
18
N
O
B
L
E
G
A
S
E
S
Transition metals
Orbitals Being Filled
1
3 4 5 6 7
Groups
8
2
F1-
Br1-
I1-
Cl1-
Transition metals form cations
with various charges.
O2-
S2-
Se2-
Te2-
Be2+
Te2-
Te2-
Te2-
Te2-
Li1+
Na1+
K1+
Rb1+
Cs1+
Al3+
Ga3+
In3+
Zn2+
Ag1+
Summary of Periodic Trends
Ionic size (cations) Ionic size (anions)
decreases decreases
Shielding is constant
Atomic radius decreases
Ionization energy increases
Electronegativity increases
Nuclear charge increases
Nuclear charge increases
Shielding increases
Atomic radius increases
Ionic size increases
Ionization energy decreases
Electronegativity decreases
1A
2A
3A
4A
5A
6A
7A
0
Li
3
H
1
He
2
C
6
N
7
O
8
F
9
Ne
10
Na
11
B
5
Be
4
H
1
Al
13
Si
14
P
15
S
16
Cl
17
Ar
18
K
19
Ca
20
Sc
21
Ti
22
V
23
Cr
24
Mn
25
Fe
26
Co
27
Ni
28
Cu
29
Zn
30
Ga
31
Ge
32
As
33
Se
34
Br
35
Kr
36
Rb
37
Sr
38
Y
39
Zr
40
Nb
41
Mo
42
Tc
43
Ru
44
Rh
45
Pd
46
Ag
47
Cd
48
In
49
Sn
50
Sb
51
Te
52
I
53
Xe
54
Cs
55
Ba
56
Hf
72
Ta
73
W
74
Re
75
Os
76
Ir
77
Pt
78
Au
79
Hg
80
Tl
81
Pb
82
Bi
83
Po
84
At
85
Rn
86
Fr
87
Ra
88
Rf
104
Db
105
Sg
106
Bh
107
Hs
108
Mt
109
Mg
12
Ce
58
Pr
59
Nd
60
Pm
61
Sm
62
Eu
63
Gd
64
Tb
65
Dy
66
Ho
67
Er
68
Tm
69
Yb
70
Lu
71
Th
90
Pa
91
U
92
Np
93
Pu
94
Am
95
Cm
96
Bk
97
Cf
98
Es
99
Fm
100
Md
101
No
102
Lr
103
La
57
Ac
89
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
*
W
1
H
Hydrogen
Name: Hydrogen
Symbol: H
Atomic Number: 1
Atomic Mass: 1.00794 amu
Melting Point: -259.14 °C (14.009985 °K, -434.45203 °F)
Boiling Point: -252.87 °C (20.280005 °K, -423.166 °F)
Electron Configuration
N
H = 1s1
Hydrogen
What is Hydrogen?
Colorless, odorless gaseous chemical element. Lightest and most abundant element in the universe. Present in water and in all organic compounds. Chemically reacts with most elements. Discovered by Henry Cavendish in 1776.
Name: Helium
Symbol: He
Atomic Number: 2
Atomic Mass: 4.002602 amu
Melting Point: -272.0 °C (1.15 °K, -457.6 °F)
Boiling Point: -268.6 °C (4.549994 °K, -451.48 °F)
N
Helium
Electron Configuration
He = 1s2
2
He
Helium
What is Helium?
Colorless, odorless gaseous nonmetallic element. Belongs to group 18 of the periodic table. Lowest boiling point of all elements and can only be solidified under pressure. Chemically inert, no known compounds. Discovered in the solar spectrum in 1868 by Lockyer.
3
Li
Lithium
Name: Lithium
Symbol: Li
Atomic Number: 3
Atomic Mass: 6.941 amu
Melting Point: 180.54 °C (453.69 °K, 356.972 °F)
Boiling Point: 1347.0 °C (1620.15 °K, 2456.6 °F)
N
Lithium
Electron Configuration
Li = 1s22s1
What is Lithium?
Socket silvery metal. First member of group 1 of the periodic table. Lithium salts are used in psychomedicine.
4
Be
Beryllium
Name: Beryllium
Symbol: Be
Atomic Number: 4
Atomic Mass: 9.012182 amu
Melting Point: 1278.0 °C (1551.15 °K, 2332.4 °F)
Boiling Point: 2970.0 °C (3243.15 °K, 5378.0 °F)
N
Beyrillium
Electron Configuration
Be = 1s22s2
What is Beryllium?
Grey metallic element of group 2 of the periodic table. Is toxic and can cause severe lung diseases and dermatitis. Shows high covalent character. It was isolated independently by F. Wohler and A.A. Bussy in 1828.
5
B
Boron
Name: Boron
Symbol: B
Atomic Number: 5
Atomic Mass: 10.811 amu
Melting Point: 2300.0 °C (2573.15 °K, 4172.0 °F)
Boiling Point: 2550.0 °C (2823.15 °K, 4622.0 °F)
N
Boron
Electron Configuration
B = 1s22s22p1
What is Boron?
An element of group 13 of the periodic table. There are two allotropes, amorphous boron is a brown power, but metallic boron is black. The metallic form is hard (9.3 on Mohs` scale) and a bad conductor in room temperatures. It is never found free in nature. Boron-10 is used in nuclear reactor control rods and shields. It was discovered in 1808 by Sir Humphry Davy and by J.L. Gay-Lussac and L.J. Thenard.
6
C
Carbon
Name: Carbon
Symbol: C
Atomic Number: 6
Atomic Mass: 12.0107 amu
Melting Point: 3500.0 °C (3773.15 °K, 6332.0 °F)
Boiling Point: 4827.0 °C (5100.15 °K, 8720.6 °F)
N
Carbon
Electron Configuration
C = 1s22s22p2
What is Carbon?
Carbon is a member of group 14 of the periodic table. It has three allotropic forms of it, diamonds, graphite and fullerite. Carbon-14 is commonly used in radioactive dating. Carbon occurs in all organic life and is the basis of organic chemistry. Carbon has the interesting chemical property of being able to bond with itself, and a wide variety of other elements.
7
N
Nitrogen
Name: Nitrogen
Symbol: N
Atomic Number: 7
Atomic Mass: 14.00674 amu
Melting Point: -209.9 °C (63.250008 °K, -345.81998 °F)
Boiling Point: -195.8 °C (77.35 °K, -320.44 °F)
N
Nitrogen
Electron Configuration
N = 1s22s22p3
Link
What is Nitrogen?
Colorless, gaseous element which belongs to group 15 of the periodic table. Constitutes ~78% of the atmosphere and is an essential part of the ecosystem. Nitrogen for industrial purposes is acquired by the fractional distillation of liquid air. Chemically inactive, reactive generally only at high temperatures or in electrical discharges. It was discovered in 1772 by D. Rutherford.
8
O
Oxygen
Name: Oxygen
Symbol: O
Atomic Number: 8
Atomic Mass: 15.9994 amu
Melting Point: -218.4 °C (54.75 °K, -361.12 °F)
Boiling Point: -183.0 °C (90.15 °K, -297.4 °F)
N
Oxygen
Electron Configuration
O = 1s22s22p4
What is Oxygen?
A colorless, odorless gaseous element belonging to group 16 of the periodic table. It is the most abundant element present in the earth`s crust. It also makes up 20.8% of the Earth`s atmosphere. For industrial purposes, it is separated from liquid air by fractional distillation. It is used in high temperature welding, and in breathing. It commonly comes in the form of Oxygen, but is found as Ozone in the upper atmosphere. It was discovered by Priestley in 1774.
9
F
Fluorine
Name: Fluorine
Symbol: F
Atomic Number: 9
Atomic Mass: 18.998404 amu
Melting Point: -219.62 °C (53.53 °K, -363.316 °F)
Boiling Point: -188.14 °C (85.01 °K, -306.652 °F)
N
Fluorine
Electron Configuration
F = 1s22s22p5
What is Fluorine?
A poisonous pale yellow gaseous element belonging to group 17 of the periodic table (The halogens). It is the most chemically reactive and electronegative element. It is highly dangerous, causing severe chemical burns on contact with flesh. Fluorine was identified by Scheele in 1771 and first isolated by Moissan in 1886.
Name: Neon
Symbol: Ne
Atomic Number: 10
Atomic Mass: 20.1797 amu
Melting Point: -248.6 °C (24.549994 °K, -415.48 °F)
Boiling Point: -246.1 °C (27.049994 °K, -410.98 °F)
N
Neon
Electron Configuration
Ne = 1s22s22p6
10
Ne
Neon
What is Neon?
Colorless gaseous element of group 18 on the periodic table (noble gases). Neon occurs in the atmosphere, and comprises 0.0018% of the volume of the atmosphere. It has a distinct reddish glow when used in discharge tubes and neon based lamps. It forms almost no chemical compounds. Neon was discovered in 1898 by Sir William Ramsey and M.W. Travers.
Name: Sodium
Symbol: Na
Atomic Number: 11
Atomic Mass: 22.98977 amu
Melting Point: 97.8 °C (370.95 °K, 208.04001 °F)
Boiling Point: 552.9 °C (826.05005 °K, 1027.2201 °F)
N
Sodium
Electron Configuration
Na = 1s22s22p63s1
11
Na
Sodium
What is Sodium?
Soft silvery reactive element belonging to group 1 of the periodic table (alkali metals). It is highly reactive, oxidizing in air and reacting violently with water, forcing it to be kept under oil. It was first isolated by Humphrey Davy in 1807.
Name: Magnesium
Symbol: Mg
Atomic Number: 12
Atomic Mass: 24.305 amu
Melting Point: 650.0 °C (923.15 °K, 1202.0 °F)
Boiling Point: 1107.0 °C (1380.15 °K, 2024.6 °F)
N
Magnesium
Electron Configuration
Mg = 1s22s22p63s2
Link
12
Mg
Magnesium
What is Magnesium?
Silvery metallic element belonging to group 2 of the periodic table (alkaline-earth metals). It is essential for living organisms, and is used in a number of light alloys. Chemically very reactive, it forms a protective oxide coating when exposed to air and burns with an intense white flame. It also reacts with sulphur, nitrogen and the halogens. First isolated by Bussy in 1828.
Name: Aluminum
Symbol: Al
Atomic Number: 13
Atomic Mass: 26.981539 amu
Melting Point: 660.37 °C (933.52 °K, 1220.666 °F)
Boiling Point: 2467.0 °C (2740.15 °K, 4472.6 °F)
N
Aluminum
Electron Configuration
Al = 1s22s22p63s23p1
13
Al
Aluminum
What is Aluminum?
Silvery-white lustrous metallic element of group 3 of the periodic table. Highly reactive but protected by a thin transparent layer of the oxide which quickly forms in air. There are many alloys of aluminum, as well as a good number of industrial uses. Makes up 8.1% of the Earth`s crust, by weight. Isolated in 1825 by H.C. Oersted.
Name: Silicon
Symbol: Si
Atomic Number: 14
Atomic Mass: 28.0855 amu
Melting Point: 1410.0 °C (1683.15 °K, 2570.0 °F)
Boiling Point: 2355.0 °C (2628.15 °K, 4271.0 °F)
N
Silicon
Electron Configuration
Si = 1s22s22p63s23p2
Link
14
Si
Silicon
What is Silicon?
Metalloid element belonging to group 14 of the periodic table. It is the second most abundant element in the Earth`s crust, making up 25.7% of it by weight. Chemically less reactive than carbon. First identified by Lavoisier in 1787 and first isolated in 1823 by Berzelius.
Name: Phosphorus
Symbol: P
Atomic Number: 15
Atomic Mass: 30.97376 amu
Melting Point: 44.1 °C (317.25 °K, 111.38 °F)
Boiling Point: 280.0 °C (553.15 °K, 536.0 °F)
N
Phosphorus
Electron Configuration
P = 1s22s22p63s23p3
15
P
Phosphorus
What is Phosphorus?
Non-metallic element belonging to group 15 of the periodic table. Has a multiple allotropic forms. Essential element for living organisms. It was discovered by Brandt in 1669.
Name: Sulfur
Symbol: S
Atomic Number: 16
Atomic Mass: 32.066 amu
Melting Point: 112.8 °C (385.95 °K, 235.04001 °F)
Boiling Point: 444.6 °C (717.75 °K, 832.28 °F)
N
Sulfur
Electron Configuration
S = 1s22s22p63s23p4
16
S
Sulfur
What is Sulfur?
Yellow, nonmetallic element belonging to group 16 of the periodic table. It is an essential element in living organisms, needed in the amino acids cysteine and methionine, and hence in many proteins. Absorbed by plants from the soil as sulfate ion.
Name: Chlorine
Symbol: Cl
Atomic Number: 17
Atomic Mass: 35.4527 amu
Melting Point: -100.98 °C (172.17 °K, -149.764 °F)
Boiling Point: -34.6 °C (238.55 °K, -30.279997 °F)
N
Chlorine
Electron Configuration
Cl = 1s22s22p63s23p5
17
Cl
Chlorine
What is Chlorine?
Halogen element. Poisonous greenish-yellow gas. Occurs widely in nature as sodium chloride in seawater. Reacts directly with many elements and compounds, strong oxidizing agent. Discovered by Karl Scheele in 1774. Humphrey David confirmed it as an element in 1810.
Name: Argon
Symbol: Ar
Atomic Number: 18
Atomic Mass: 39.948 amu
Melting Point: -189.3 °C (83.85 °K, -308.74 °F)
Boiling Point: -186.0 °C (87.15 °K, -302.8 °F)
N
Argon
Electron Configuration
Ar = 1s22s22p63s23p6
18
Ar
Argon
What is Argon?
Monatomic noble gas. Makes up 0.93% of the air. Colorless, odorless. Is inert and has no true compounds. Lord Rayleigh and Sir William Ramsey identified argon in 1894.
Name: Potassium
Symbol: K
Atomic Number: 19
Atomic Mass: 39.0983 amu
Melting Point: 63.65 °C (336.8 °K, 146.57 °F)
Boiling Point: 774.0 °C (1047.15 °K, 1425.2 °F)
N
Potassium
Electron Configuration
K = 1s22s22p63s23p6
4s1
Link
19
K
Potassium
What is Potassium?
Soft silvery metallic element belonging to group 1 of the periodic table (alkali metals). Occurs naturally in seawater and a many minerals. Highly reactive, chemically, it resembles sodium in its behavior and compounds. Discovered by Sir Humphry Davy in 1807.
Name: Calcium
Symbol: Ca
Atomic Number: 20
Atomic Mass: 40.078 amu
Melting Point: 839.0 °C (1112.15 °K, 1542.2 °F)
Boiling Point: 1484.0 °C (1757.15 °K, 2703.2 °F)
N
Calcium
Electron Configuration
Ca = 1s22s22p63s23p6
4s2
20
Ca
Calcium
What is Calcium?
Soft grey metallic element belonging to group 2 of the periodic table. Used a reducing agent in the extraction of thorium, zirconium and uranium. Essential element for living organisms.
21
Sc
Scandium
Name: Scandium
Symbol: Sc
Atomic Number: 21
Atomic Mass: 44.95591 amu
Melting Point: 1539.0 °C (1812.15 °K, 2802.2 °F)
Boiling Point: 2832.0 °C (3105.15 °K, 5129.6 °F)
N
Scandium
Electron Configuration
Sc = 1s22s22p63s23p6
4s23d1
What is Scandium?
Rare soft silvery metallic element belonging to group 3 of the periodic table. There are ten isotopes, nine of which are radioactive and have short half-lives. Predicted in 1869 by Mendeleev, isolated by Nilson in 1879.
Name: Titanium
Symbol: Ti
Atomic Number: 22
Atomic Mass: 47.867 amu
Melting Point: 1660.0 °C (1933.15 °K, 3020.0 °F)
Boiling Point: 3287.0 °C (3560.15 °K, 5948.6 °F)
N
Titanium
Electron Configuration
Ti = 1s22s22p63s23p6
4s23d2
22
Ti
Titanium
What is Titanium?
White metallic transition element. Occurs in numerous minerals. Used in strong, light corrosion-resistant alloys. Forms a passive oxide coating when exposed to air. First discovered by Gregor in 1789.
Name: Vanadium
Symbol: V
Atomic Number: 23
Atomic Mass: 50.9415 amu
Melting Point: 1890.0 °C (2163.15 °K, 3434.0 °F)
Boiling Point: 3380.0 °C (3653.15 °K, 6116.0 °F)
N
Vanadium
Electron Configuration
V = 1s22s22p63s23p6
4s23d3
23
V
Vanadium
What is Vanadium?
Soft and ductile, bright white metal. Good resistance to corrosion by alkalis, sulphuric and hydrochloric acid. It oxidizes readily about 933K. There are two naturally occurring isotopes of vanadium, and 5 radioisotopes, V-49 having the longest half-life at 337 days. Vanadium has nuclear applications, the foil is used in cladding titanium to steel, and vanadium-gallium tape is used to produce a superconductive magnet. Originally discovered by Andres Manuel del Rio of Mexico City in 1801. His discovery went unheeded, however, and in 1820, Nils Gabriel Sefstron of Sweden rediscovered it. Metallic vanadium was isolated by Henry Enfield Roscoe in 1867. The name vanadium comes from Vanadis, a goddess of Scandinavian mythology. Silvery-white metallic transition element. Vanadium is essential to ascidians. Rats and chickens are also known to require it. Metal powder is a fire hazard, and vanadium compounds should be considered highly toxic. May cause lung cancer if inhaled.
Name: Chromium
Symbol: Cr
Atomic Number: 24
Atomic Mass: 51.9961 amu
Melting Point: 1857.0 °C (2130.15 °K, 3374.6 °F)
Boiling Point: 2672.0 °C (2945.15 °K, 4841.6 °F)
Electron Configuration
Cr = 1s22s22p63s23p6
4s13d5
N
24
Cr
Chromium
Link
What is Chromium?
Hard silvery transition element. Used in decorative electroplating. Discovered in 1797 by Vauquelin.
Name: Manganese
Symbol: Mn
Atomic Number: 25
Atomic Mass: 54.93805 amu
Melting Point: 1245.0 °C (1518.15 °K, 2273.0 °F)
Boiling Point: 1962.0 °C (2235.15 °K, 3563.6 °F)
Electron Configuration
Mn = 1s22s22p63s23p6
4s23d5
N
25
Mn
Manganese
What is Manganese?
Grey brittle metallic transition element. Rather electropositive, combines with some non-metals when heated. Discovered in 1774 by Scheele.
Name: Iron
Symbol: Fe
Atomic Number: 26
Atomic Mass: 55.845 amu
Melting Point: 1535.0 °C (1808.15 °K, 2795.0 °F)
Boiling Point: 2750.0 °C (3023.15 °K, 4982.0 °F)
Electron Configuration
Fe = 1s22s22p63s23p6
4s23d6
N
26
Fe
Iron
What is Iron?
Silvery malleable and ductile metallic transition element. Has nine isotopes and is the fourth most abundant element in the earth`s crust. Required by living organisms as a trace element (used in hemoglobin in humans.) Quite reactive, oxidizes in moist air, displaces hydrogen from dilute acids and combines with nonmetallic elements.
Name: Cobalt
Symbol: Co
Atomic Number: 27
Atomic Mass: 58.9332 amu
Melting Point: 1495.0 °C (1768.15 °K, 2723.0 °F)
Boiling Point: 2870.0 °C (3143.15 °K, 5198.0 °F)
Electron Configuration
Co = 1s22s22p63s23p6
4s23d7
N
27
Co
Cobalt
What is Cobalt?
Light grey transition element. Some meteorites contain small amounts of metallic cobalt. Generally alloyed for use. Mammals require small amounts of cobalt salts. Cobalt-60, an artificially produced radioactive isotope of Cobalt is an important radioactive tracer and cancer-treatment agent. Discovered by G. Brandt in 1737.
Name: Nickel
Symbol: Ni
Atomic Number: 28
Atomic Mass: 58.6934 amu
Melting Point: 1453.0 °C (1726.15 °K, 2647.4 °F)
Boiling Point: 2732.0 °C (3005.15 °K, 4949.6 °F)
Electron Configuration
Ni = 1s22s22p63s23p6
4s23d8
N
28
Ni
Nickel
Link
What is Nickel?
Malleable ductile silvery metallic transition element. Discovered by A.F. Cronstedt in 1751.
Name: Copper
Symbol: Cu
Atomic Number: 29
Atomic Mass: 63.546 amu
Melting Point: 1083.0 °C (1356.15 °K, 1981.4 °F)
Boiling Point: 2567.0 °C (2840.15 °K, 4652.6 °F)
Electron Configuration
Cu = 1s22s22p63s23p6
4s13d10
N
29
Cu
Copper
Link
What is Copper?
Red-brown transition element. Known by the Romans as `cuprum.` Extracted and used for thousands of years. Malleable, ductile and an excellent conductor of heat and electricity. When in moist conditions, a greenish layer forms on the outside.
Name: Zinc
Symbol: Zn
Atomic Number: 30
Atomic Mass: 65.39 amu
Melting Point: 419.58 °C (692.73 °K, 787.24396 °F)
Boiling Point: 907.0 °C (1180.15 °K, 1664.6 °F)
Electron Configuration
Zn = 1s22s22p63s23p6
4s23d10
N
30
Zn
Zinc
What is Zinc?
Blue-white metallic element. Occurs in multiple compounds naturally. Five stable isotopes are six radioactive isotopes have been found. Chemically a reactive metal, combines with oxygen and other non-metals, reacts with dilute acids to release hydrogen.
Name: Gallium
Symbol: Ga
Atomic Number: 31
Atomic Mass: 69.723 amu
Melting Point: 29.78 °C (302.93 °K, 85.604004 °F)
Boiling Point: 2403.0 °C (2676.15 °K, 4357.4 °F)
N
Electron Configuration
Ga = 1s22s22p63s23p6
4s23d104p1
31
Ga
Gallium
What is Gallium?
Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to group 13 of the periodic table. The two stable isotopes are Ga-69 and Ga-71. Eight radioactive isotopes are known, all having short half-lives. Gallium Arsenide is used as a semiconductor. Corrodes most other metals by diffusing into their lattice. First identified by Francois Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875.
Name: Germanium
Symbol: Ge
Atomic Number: 32
Atomic Mass: 72.61 amu
Melting Point: 937.4 °C (1210.55 °K, 1719.3201 °F)
Boiling Point: 2830.0 °C (3103.15 °K, 5126.0 °F)
N
Electron Configuration
Ge = 1s22s22p63s23p6
4s23d104p2
32
Ge
Germanium
What is Germanium?
Lustrous hard metalloid element, belongs to group 14 of the periodic table. Forms a large number of organometallic compounds. Predicted by Mendeleev in 1871, it was actually found in 1886 by Winkler.
Name: Arsenic
Symbol: As
Atomic Number: 33
Atomic Mass: 74.9216 amu
Melting Point: 817.0 °C (1090.15 °K, 1502.6 °F)
Boiling Point: 613.0 °C (886.15 °K, 1135.4 °F)
Electron Configuration
As = 1s22s22p63s23p6
4s23d104p3
N
33
As
Arsenic
What is Arsenic?
Metalloid element of group 15. There are three allotropes, yellow, black, and grey. Reacts with halogens, concentrated oxidizing acids and hot alkalis. Albertus Magnus is believed to have been the first to isolate the element in 1250.
Name: Selenium
Symbol: Se
Atomic Number: 34
Atomic Mass: 78.96 amu
Melting Point: 217.0 °C (490.15 °K, 422.6 °F)
Boiling Point: 684.9 °C (958.05005 °K, 1264.8201 °F)
Electron Configuration
Se = 1s22s22p63s23p6
4s23d104p4
N
34
Se
Selenium
What is Selenium?
Metalloid element, belongs to group 16 of the periodic table. Multiple allotropic forms exist. Chemically resembles sulfur. Discovered in 1817 by Jons J. Berzelius.
Name: Bromine
Symbol: Br
Atomic Number: 35
Atomic Mass: 79.904 amu
Melting Point: -7.2 °C (265.95 °K, 19.04 °F)
Boiling Point: 58.78 °C (331.93 °K, 137.804 °F)
Electron Configuration
Br = 1s22s22p63s23p6
4s23d104p5
N
35
Br
Bromine
What is Bromine?
Halogen element. Red volatile liquid at room temperature. Its reactivity is somewhere between chlorine and iodine. Harmful to human tissue in a liquid state, the vapor irritates eyes and throat. Discovered in 1826 by Antoine Balard.
Name: Kr
= Internet link
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)
Select an element
Other Physical DATA
Groups of Elements
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
*
W
W
*
Li
3
He
2
C
6
N
7
O
8
F
9
Ne
10
Na
11
B
5
Be
4
H
1
Al
13
Si
14
P
15
S
16
Cl
17
Ar
18
K
19
Ca
20
Sc
21
Ti
22
V
23
Cr
24
Mn
25
Fe
26
Co
27
Ni
28
Cu
29
Zn
30
Ga
31
Ge
32
As
33
Se
34
Br
35
Kr
36
Rb
37
Sr
38
Y
39
Zr
40
Nb
41
Mo
42
Tc
43
Ru
44
Rh
45
Pd
46
Ag
47
Cd
48
In
49
Sn
50
Sb
51
Te
52
I
53
Xe
54
Cs
55
Ba
56
Hf
72
Ta
73
W
74
Re
75
Os
76
Ir
77
Pt
78
Au
79
Hg
80
Tl
81
Pb
82
Bi
83
Po
84
At
85
Rn
86
Fr
87
Ra
88
Rf
104
Db
105
Sg
106
Bh
107
Hs
108
Mt
109
Mg
12
Ce
58
Pr
59
Nd
60
Pm
61
Sm
62
Eu
63
Gd
64
Tb
65
Dy
66
Ho
67
Er
68
Tm
69
Yb
70
Lu
71
Th
90
Pa
91
U
92
Np
93
Pu
94
Am
95
Cm
96
Bk
97
Cf
98
Es
99
Fm
100
Md
101
No
102
Lr
103
La
57
Ac
89
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
*
W
1A
2A
1A
2A
3A
4A
5A
6A
7A
8A
Alkali metals
Alkaline earth metals
Transition metals
Inner transition metals
Boron group
Carbon group
Nitrogen group
Oxygen group
Halogens
Noble gases
Hydrogen
3B
5B
6B
7B
8B
1B
2B
3A
4A
5A
6A
7A
8A
4B
Periodic Table
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Li
3
He
2
C
6
N
7
O
8
F
9
Ne
10
Na
11
B
5
Be
4
H
1
Al
13
Si
14
P
15
S
16
Cl
17
Ar
18
K
19
Ca
20
Sc
21
Ti
22
V
23
Cr
24
Mn
25
Fe
26
Co
27
Ni
28
Cu
29
Zn
30
Ga
31
Ge
32
As
33
Se
34
Br
35
Kr
36
Rb
37
Sr
38
Y
39
Zr
40
Nb
41
Mo
42
Tc
43
Ru
44
Rh
45
Pd
46
Ag
47
Cd
48
In
49
Sn
50
Sb
51
Te
52
I
53
Xe
54
Cs
55
Ba
56
Hf
72
Ta
73
W
74
Re
75
Os
76
Ir
77
Pt
78
Au
79
Hg
80
Tl
81
Pb
82
Bi
83
Po
84
At
85
Rn
86
Fr
87
Ra
88
Rf
104
Db
105
Sg
106
Bh
107
Hs
108
Mt
109
Mg
12
Ce
58
Pr
59
Nd
60
Pm
61
Sm
62
Eu
63
Gd
64
Tb
65
Dy
66
Ho
67
Er
68
Tm
69
Yb
70
Lu
71
Th
90
Pa
91
U
92
Np
93
Pu
94
Am
95
Cm
96
Bk
97
Cf
98
Es
99
Fm
100
Md
101
No
102
Lr
103
La
57
Ac
89
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1A
2A
Alkali metals
Alkaline earth metals
Transition metals
Boron group
Nonmetals
Noble gases
3B
5B
6B
7B
8B
1B
2B
3A
4A
5A
6A
7A
8A
4B
Lanthanoid Series
6
7
Actinoid Series
C
Solid
Br
Liquid
H
Gas
Dutch Periodic Table
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
Strong, Journal of Chemical Education, Sept. 1989, page 743
How to Organize Elements… Periodic Table Designs
Discovering the Periodic Table
Journal of Chemical Education, Sept. 1989
Metals and Nonmetals
Li
3
He
2
C
6
N
7
O
8
F
9
Ne
10
Na
11
B
5
Be
4
H
1
Al
13
Si
14
P
15
S
16
Cl
17
Ar
18
K
19
Ca
20
Sc
21
Ti
22
V
23
Cr
24
Mn
25
Fe
26
Co
27
Ni
28
Cu
29
Zn
30
Ga
31
Ge
32
As
33
Se
34
Br
35
Kr
36
Rb
37
Sr
38
Y
39
Zr
40
Nb
41
Mo
42
Tc
43
Ru
44
Rh
45
Pd
46
Ag
47
Cd
48
In
49
Sn
50
Sb
51
Te
52
I
53
Xe
54
Cs
55
Ba
56
Hf
72
Ta
73
W
74
Re
75
Os
76
Ir
77
Pt
78
Au
79
Hg
80
Tl
81
Pb
82
Bi
83
Po
84
At
85
Rn
86
Fr
87
Ra
88
Rf
104
Db
105
Sg
106
Bh
107
Hs
108
Mt
109
Mg
12
Ce
58
Pr
59
Nd
60
Pm
61
Sm
62
Eu
63
Gd
64
Tb
65
Dy
66
Ho
67
Er
68
Tm
69
Yb
70
Lu
71
Th
90
Pa
91
U
92
Np
93
Pu
94
Am
95
Cm
96
Bk
97
Cf
98
Es
99
Fm
100
Md
101
No
102
Lr
103
La
57
Ac
89
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
*
W
METALS
Nonmetals
Li
3
H
1
He
2
C
6
N
7
O
8
F
9
Ne
10
Na
11
B
5
Be
4
H
1
Al
13
Si
14
P
15
S
16
Cl
17
Ar
18
K
19
Ca
20
Sc
21
Ti
22
V
23
Cr
24
Mn
25
Fe
26
Co
27
Ni
28
Cu
29
Zn
30
Ga
31
Ge
32
As
33
Se
34
Br
35
Kr
36
Rb
37
Sr
38
Y
39
Zr
40
Nb
41
Mo
42
Tc
43
Ru
44
Rh
45
Pd
46
Ag
47
Cd
48
In
49
Sn
50
Sb
51
Te
52
I
53
Xe
54
Cs
55
Ba
56
Hf
72
Ta
73
W
74
Re
75
Os
76
Ir
77
Pt
78
Au
79
Hg
80
Tl
81
Pb
82
Bi
83
Po
84
At
85
Rn
86
Fr
87
Ra
88
Rf
104
Db
105
Sg
106
Bh
107
Hs
108
Mt
109
Mg
12
Ce
58
Pr
59
Nd
60
Pm
61
Sm
62
Eu
63
Gd
64
Tb
65
Dy
66
Ho
67
Er
68
Tm
69
Yb
70
Lu
71
Th
90
Pa
91
U
92
Np
93
Pu
94
Am
95
Cm
96
Bk
97
Cf
98
Es
99
Fm
100
Md
101
No
102
Lr
103
La
57
Ac
89
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
*
W
http://www.elementsdatabase.com/
The Periodic Table
Li
3
He
2
C
6
N
7
O
8
F
9
Ne
10
Na
11
B
5
Be
4
H
1
Al
13
Si
14
P
15
S
16
Cl
17
Ar
18
K
19
Ca
20
Sc
21
Ti
22
V
23
Cr
24
Mn
25
Fe
26
Co
27
Ni
28
Cu
29
Zn
30
Ga
31
Ge
32
As
33
Se
34
Br
35
Kr
36
Rb
37
Sr
38
Y
39
Zr
40
Nb
41
Mo
42
Tc
43
Ru
44
Rh
45
Pd
46
Ag
47
Cd
48
In
49
Sn
50
Sb
51
Te
52
I
53
Xe
54
Cs
55
Ba
56
*
Hf
72
Ta
73
W
74
Re
75
Os
76
Ir
77
Pt
78
Au
79
Hg
80
Tl
81
Pb
82
Bi
83
Po
84
At
85
Rn
86
Fr
87
Ra
88
Y
Rf
104
Db
105
Sg
106
Bh
107
Hs
108
Mt
109
Mg
12
Ce
58
Pr
59
Nd
60
Pm
61
Sm
62
Eu
63
Gd
64
Tb
65
Dy
66
Ho
67
Er
68
Tm
69
Yb
70
Lu
71
Th
90
Pa
91
U
92
Np
93
Pu
94
Am
95
Cm
96
Bk
97
Cf
98
Es
99
Fm
100
Md
101
No
102
Lr
103
La
57
Ac
89
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
* Lanthanides
Y Actinides
Noble
gases
Halogens
Transition metals
Alkaline
earth metals
Alkali metals
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Orbitals Being Filled
1s
2s
3s
4s
5s
6s
7s
3d
4d
5d
6d
2p
3p
4p
5p
6p
1s
La
Ac
1
3 4 5 6 7
4f
5f
Lanthanide series
Actinide series
Groups
8
Periods
1
2
2
3
4
5
6
7
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 345
Electron Filling in Periodic Table
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
s
d
p
s
f
*
W
W
*
Electron Filling in Periodic Table
metallic character increases
nonmetallic character increases
metallic character increases
nonmetallic character increases
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
s
d
p
s
f
*
W
W
*
Li
3
H
1
He
2
C
6
N
7
O
8
F
9
Ne
10
Na
11
B
5
Be
4
H
1
Al
13
Si
14
P
15
S
16
Cl
17
Ar
18
K
19
Ca
20
Sc
21
Ti
22
V
23
Cr
24
Mn
25
Fe
26
Co
27
Ni
28
Cu
29
Zn
30
Ga
31
Ge
32
As
33
Se
34
Br
35
Kr
36
Rb
37
Sr
38
Y
39
Zr
40
Nb
41
Mo
42
Tc
43
Ru
44
Rh
45
Pd
46
Ag
47
Cd
48
In
49
Sn
50
Sb
51
Te
52
I
53
Xe
54
Cs
55
Ba
56
Hf
72
Ta
73
W
74
Re
75
Os
76
Ir
77
Pt
78
Au
79
Hg
80
Tl
81
Pb
82
Bi
83
Po
84
At
85
Rn
86
Fr
87
Ra
88
Rf
104
Db
105
Sg
106
Bh
107
Hs
108
Mt
109
Mg
12
Ce
58
Pr
59
Nd
60
Pm
61
Sm
62
Eu
63
Gd
64
Tb
65
Dy
66
Ho
67
Er
68
Tm
69
Yb
70
Lu
71
Th
90
Pa
91
U
92
Np
93
Pu
94
Am
95
Cm
96
Bk
97
Cf
98
Es
99
Fm
100
Md
101
No
102
Lr
103
La
57
Ac
89
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
*
W
Periodic Table
1
2
3
4
5
6
Li
180.5
He
-269.7
C
4100
N
-210.1
O
-218.8
F
-219.6
Ne
-248.6
Na
98
B
2027
Be
1283
H
-259.2
Al
660
Si
1423
P
44.2
S
119
Cl
-101
Ar
-189.6
K
63.2
Ca
850
Sc
1423
Ti
1677
V
1917
Cr
1900
Mn
1244
Fe
1539
Co
1495
Ni
1455
Cu
1083
Zn
420
Ga
29.78
Ge
960
As
817
Se
217.4
Br
-7.2
Kr
-157.2
Rb
38.8
Sr
770
Y
1500
Zr
1852
Nb
2487
Mo
2610
Tc
2127
Ru
2427
Rh
1966
Pd
1550
Ag
961
Cd
321
In
156.2
Sn
231.9
Sb
630.5
Te
450
I
113.6
Xe
-111.9
Cs
28.6
Ba
710
Hf
2222
Ta
2997
W
3380
Re
3180
Os
2727
Ir
2454
Pt
1769
Au
1063
Hg
-38.9
Tl
303.6
Pb
327.4
Bi
271.3
Po
254
At
Rn
-71
Mg
650
Mg
650
1
2
3
4
5
6
Melting Points
Symbol
Melting point oC
> 3000 oC
2000 - 3000 oC
La
920
Ralph A. Burns, Fundamentals of Chemistry , 1999, page 1999
1
2
3
4
5
6
W
Li
0.53
He
0.126
C
2.26
N
0.81
O
1.14
F
1.11
Ne
1.204
Na
0.97
B
2.5
Be
1.8
H
0.071
Al
2.70
Si
2.4
P
1.82w
S
2.07
Cl
1.557
Ar
1.402
K
0.86
Ca
1.55
Sc
(2.5)
Ti
4.5
V
5.96
Cr
7.1
Mn
7.4
Fe
7.86
Co
8.9
Ni
8.90
Cu
8.92
Zn
7.14
Ga
5.91
Ge
5.36
As
5,7
Se
4.7
Br
3.119
Kr
2.6
Rb
1.53
Sr
2.6
Y
5.51
Zr
6.4
Nb
8.4
Mo
10.2
Tc
11.5
Ru
12.5
Rh
12.5
Pd
12.0
Ag
10.5
Cd
8.6
In
7.3
Sn
7.3
Sb
6.7
Te
6.1
I
4.93
Xe
3.06
Cs
1.90
Ba
3.5
Hf
13.1
Ta
16.6
W
19.3
Re
21.4
Os
22.48
Ir
22.4
Pt
21.45
Au
19.3
Hg
13.55
Tl
11.85
Pb
11.34
Bi
9.8
Po
9.4
At
---
Rn
4.4
Mg
1.74
1
2
3
4
5
6
Densities of Elements
Mg
1.74
Symbol
Density in g/cm3C, for gases, in g/L
8.0 – 11.9 g/cm3
12.0 – 17.9 g/cm3
> 18.0 g/cm3
La
6.7
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
Electronegativities
7
Period
1A
2A
3B
4B
5B
6B
7B
1B
2B
3A
4A
5A
6A
7A
8A
Hill, Petrucci, General Chemistry An Integrated Approach 2nd Edition, page 373
8B
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
s
d
p
s
f
*
W
W
*
Electron Filling in Periodic Table
Li
2s1
H
1s1
He
1s2
C
2p2
N
2p3
O
2p4
F
2p5
Ne
2p6
Na
3s1
B
2p1
Be
2s2
H
1s1
Al
3p1
Si
3p2
P
3p3
S
3p4
Cl
3p5
Ar
3p6
K
4s1
Ca
4s2
Sc
3d1
Ti
3d2
V
3d3
Cr
3d5
Mn
3d5
Fe
3d6
Co
3d7
Ni
3d8
Cu
3d10
Zn
3d10
Ga
4p1
Ge
4p2
As
4p3
Se
4p4
Br
4p5
Kr
4p6
Rb
5s1
Sr
5s2
Y
4d1
Zr
4d2
Nb
4d4
Mo
4d5
Tc
4d6
Ru
4d7
Rh
4d8
Pd
4d10
Ag
4d10
Cd
4p1
In
5p1
Sn
5p2
Sb
5p3
Te
5p4
I
5p5
Xe
5p6
Cs
6s1
Ba
6s2
Hf
5d2
Ta
5d3
W
5d4
Re
5d5
Os
5d6
Ir
5d7
Pt
5d9
Au
5d10
Hg
5d10
Tl
6p1
Pb
6p2
Bi
6p3
Po
6p4
At
6p5
Rn
6p6
Fr
7s1
Ra
7s2
Rf
6d2
Db
6d3
Sg
6d4
Bh
6d5
Hs
6d6
Mt
6d7
Mg
3s2
Ce
4f2
Pr
4f3
Nd
4f4
Pm
4f5
Sm
4f6
Eu
4f7
Gd
4f7
Tb
4f9
Dy
4f10
Ho
4f11
Er
4f12
Tm
4f13
Yb
4f14
Lu
4f114
Th
6d2
Pa
5f2
U
5f3
Np
5f4
Pu
5f6
Am
5f7
Cm
5f7
Bk
5f8
Cf
5f10
Es
5f11
Fm
5f14
Md
5f13
No
5f14
Lr
5f14
La
5d1
Ac
6d1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
s
d
p
s
f
*
W
W
*
Atomic Radii
Li
Na
K
Rb
Cs
Cl
S
P
Si
Al
Br
Se
As
Ge
Ga
I
Te
Sb
Sn
In
Tl
Pb
Bi
Mg
Ca
Sr
Ba
Be
F
O
N
C
B
IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA
Atomic Radii of Representative Elements (nm)
LeMay Jr, Beall, Robblee, Brower, Chemistry Connections to Our Changing World , 1996, page 175
Li
Na
K
Rb
Cs
Cl
S
P
Si
Al
Br
Se
As
Ge
Ga
I
Te
Sb
Sn
In
Tl
Pb
Bi
Mg
Ca
Sr
Ba
Be
F
O
N
C
B
0.1.52 0.111
0.186 0.160
0.231 0.197
0.244 0.215
0.262 0.217
0.088 0.077 0.070 0.066 0.064
0.143 0.117 0.110 0.104 0.099
0.122 0.122 0.121 0.117 0.114
0.162 0.140 0.141 0.137 0.133
0.171 0.175 0.146 0.140 0.140
1A 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A
At
Po
Atomic Radii
IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA
Ionic Radii
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
Ionization Energies
7
Be
900
Al
578
Si
787
Ti
659
V
651
Cr
653
Mn
717
Fe
762
Co
760
Ni
737
Cu
746
Zn
906
Ga
579
Ge
762
Nb
652
Mo
684
Tc
702
Ag
731
Cd
868
In
558
Sn
709
Sb
834
Ta
761
W
770
Re
760
Hg
1007
Tl
589
Pb
716
Bi
703
N
1402
O
1314
F
1681
Cl
1251
C
1086
S
1000
Br
1140
I
1008
Na
496
K
419
Rb
403
Cs
376
Ba
503
Fr
--
Ra
509
H
1312
B
801
P
1012
As
947
Se
941
Ru
710
Rh
720
Pd
804
Te
869
Os
839
Ir
878
Pt
868
Au
890
Po
812
At
--
Period
Actinide series
Li
520
Ca
590
Sc
633
Sr
550
Y
600
Zr
640
Hf
659
Mg
738
La
538
Ac
490
Lanthanide series
*
*
y
y
Group 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
9
Ne
2081
Ar
1521
Kr
1351
Xe
1170
Rn
1038
He
2372
Rf
--
Db
--
Sg
--
Bh
--
Hs
--
Mt
--
Ce
534
Pr
527
Nd
533
Pm
536
Sm
545
Eu
547
Gd
592
Tb
566
Dy
573
Ho
581
Er
589
Tm
597
Yb
603
Lu
523
Th
587
Pa
570
U
598
Np
600
Pu
585
Am
578
Cm
581
Bk
601
Cf
608
Es
619
Fm
627
Md
635
No
642
Lr
--
Ds
--
Uub
--
Uut
--
Uuq
--
Uup
--
Uuu
--
Uuo
--
Mg
738
Symbol
First Ionization Energy
(kJ/mol)
8
10
First Ionization Energies
(in kilojoules per mole)
H
1312.1
Li
520.3
Na
495.9
K
418.9
Be
899.5
Mg
737.8
Ca
589.9
B
800.7
Al
577.6
Ga
578.6
C
1086.5
Si
786.5
Ge
761.2
N
1402.4
P
1011.8
As
946.5
O
1314.0
S
999.7
Se
940.7
F
1681.1
Cl
1251.2
Br
1142.7
Ne
2080.8
Ar
1520.6
Kr
1350.8
He
2372.5
Rb
402.9
Sr
549.2
In
558.2
Sn
708.4
Sb
833.8
Te
869.0
I
1008.7
Xe
1170.3
Smoot, Price, Smith, Chemistry A Modern Course 1987, page 188
First Ionization Energies
(kJ/mol)
H
1312.1
Li
520.3
Na
495.9
K
418.9
Be
899.5
Mg
737.8
Ca
589.9
B
800.7
Al
577.6
Ga
578.6
C
1086.5
Si
786.5
Ge
761.2
N
1402.4
P
1011.8
As
946.5
O
1314.0
S
999.7
Se
940.7
F
1681.1
Cl
1251.2
Br
1142.7
Ne
2080.8
Ar
1520.6
Kr
1350.8
He
2372.5
Rb
402.9
Sr
549.2
In
558.2
Sn
708.4
Sb
833.8
Te
869.0
I
1008.7
Xe
1170.3
Smoot, Price, Smith, Chemistry A Modern Course 1987, page 188
s
p
Ionization Energies (kJ/mol)
Element
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
Ar
Herron, Frank, Sarquis, Sarquis, Cchrader, Kulka, Chemistry 1996, Heath, page
1st
498
736
577
787
1063
1000
1255
1519
2nd
4560
1445
1815
1575
1890
2260
2295
2665
3rd
6910
7730
2740
3220
2905
3375
3850
3945
4th
9540
10,600
11,600
4350
4950
4565
5160
5770
5th
13,400
13,600
15,000
16,100
6270
6950
6560
7320
6th
16,600
18,000
18,310
19,800
21,200
8490
9360
8780
Ionization Energies (kJ/mol)
Element
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
Ar
Herron, Frank, Sarquis, Sarquis, Cchrader, Kulka, Chemistry 1996, Heath, page
1st
498
736
577
787
1063
1000
1255
1519
2nd
4560
1445
1815
1575
1890
2260
2295
2665
3rd
6910
7730
2740
3220
2905
3375
3850
3945
4th
9540
10,600
11,600
4350
4950
4565
5160
5770
5th
13,400
13,600
15,000
16,100
6270
6950
6560
7320
6th
16,600
18,000
18,310
19,800
21,200
8490
9360
8780
Essential Elements
Li
3
He
2
C
6
N
7
O
8
F
9
Ne
10
Na
11
B
5
Be
4
H
1
Al
13
Si
14
P
15
S
16
Cl
17
Ar
18
K
19
Ca
20
Sc
21
Ti
22
V
23
Cr
24
Mn
25
Fe
26
Co
27
Ni
28
Cu
29
Zn
30
Ga
31
Ge
32
As
33
Se
34
Br
35
Kr
36
Rb
37
Sr
38
Y
39
Zr
40
Nb
41
Mo
42
Tc
43
Ru
44
Rh
45
Pd
46
Ag
47
Cd
48
In
49
Sn
50
Sb
51
Te
52
I
53
Xe
54
Cs
55
Ba
56
Hf
72
Ta
72
W
74
Re
75
Os
76
Ir
77
Pt
78
Au
79
Hg
80
Tl
81
Pb
82
Bi
83
Po
84
At
85
Rn
86
Mg
12
La
57
Elements in organic matter
Major minerals
Trace elements
Davis, Metcalfe, Williams, Castka, Modern Chemistry, 1999, page 748
Oxidation State of Elements
Se2-
Te2-
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
Al3+
Zn2+
Ag1+
N3-
O2-
F1-
Cl1-
S2-
Br1-
I1-
Period
Group 1
2
13
14
15
16
17
18
N
O
B
L
E
G
A
S
E
S
Transition metals
Orbitals Being Filled
1
3 4 5 6 7
Groups
8
2
F1-
Br1-
I1-
Cl1-
Transition metals form cations
with various charges.
O2-
S2-
Se2-
Te2-
Be2+
Te2-
Te2-
Te2-
Te2-
Li1+
Na1+
K1+
Rb1+
Cs1+
Al3+
Ga3+
In3+
Zn2+
Ag1+
Summary of Periodic Trends
Ionic size (cations) Ionic size (anions)
decreases decreases
Shielding is constant
Atomic radius decreases
Ionization energy increases
Electronegativity increases
Nuclear charge increases
Nuclear charge increases
Shielding increases
Atomic radius increases
Ionic size increases
Ionization energy decreases
Electronegativity decreases
1A
2A
3A
4A
5A
6A
7A
0
Li
3
H
1
He
2
C
6
N
7
O
8
F
9
Ne
10
Na
11
B
5
Be
4
H
1
Al
13
Si
14
P
15
S
16
Cl
17
Ar
18
K
19
Ca
20
Sc
21
Ti
22
V
23
Cr
24
Mn
25
Fe
26
Co
27
Ni
28
Cu
29
Zn
30
Ga
31
Ge
32
As
33
Se
34
Br
35
Kr
36
Rb
37
Sr
38
Y
39
Zr
40
Nb
41
Mo
42
Tc
43
Ru
44
Rh
45
Pd
46
Ag
47
Cd
48
In
49
Sn
50
Sb
51
Te
52
I
53
Xe
54
Cs
55
Ba
56
Hf
72
Ta
73
W
74
Re
75
Os
76
Ir
77
Pt
78
Au
79
Hg
80
Tl
81
Pb
82
Bi
83
Po
84
At
85
Rn
86
Fr
87
Ra
88
Rf
104
Db
105
Sg
106
Bh
107
Hs
108
Mt
109
Mg
12
Ce
58
Pr
59
Nd
60
Pm
61
Sm
62
Eu
63
Gd
64
Tb
65
Dy
66
Ho
67
Er
68
Tm
69
Yb
70
Lu
71
Th
90
Pa
91
U
92
Np
93
Pu
94
Am
95
Cm
96
Bk
97
Cf
98
Es
99
Fm
100
Md
101
No
102
Lr
103
La
57
Ac
89
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
*
W
1
H
Hydrogen
Name: Hydrogen
Symbol: H
Atomic Number: 1
Atomic Mass: 1.00794 amu
Melting Point: -259.14 °C (14.009985 °K, -434.45203 °F)
Boiling Point: -252.87 °C (20.280005 °K, -423.166 °F)
Electron Configuration
N
H = 1s1
Hydrogen
What is Hydrogen?
Colorless, odorless gaseous chemical element. Lightest and most abundant element in the universe. Present in water and in all organic compounds. Chemically reacts with most elements. Discovered by Henry Cavendish in 1776.
Name: Helium
Symbol: He
Atomic Number: 2
Atomic Mass: 4.002602 amu
Melting Point: -272.0 °C (1.15 °K, -457.6 °F)
Boiling Point: -268.6 °C (4.549994 °K, -451.48 °F)
N
Helium
Electron Configuration
He = 1s2
2
He
Helium
What is Helium?
Colorless, odorless gaseous nonmetallic element. Belongs to group 18 of the periodic table. Lowest boiling point of all elements and can only be solidified under pressure. Chemically inert, no known compounds. Discovered in the solar spectrum in 1868 by Lockyer.
3
Li
Lithium
Name: Lithium
Symbol: Li
Atomic Number: 3
Atomic Mass: 6.941 amu
Melting Point: 180.54 °C (453.69 °K, 356.972 °F)
Boiling Point: 1347.0 °C (1620.15 °K, 2456.6 °F)
N
Lithium
Electron Configuration
Li = 1s22s1
What is Lithium?
Socket silvery metal. First member of group 1 of the periodic table. Lithium salts are used in psychomedicine.
4
Be
Beryllium
Name: Beryllium
Symbol: Be
Atomic Number: 4
Atomic Mass: 9.012182 amu
Melting Point: 1278.0 °C (1551.15 °K, 2332.4 °F)
Boiling Point: 2970.0 °C (3243.15 °K, 5378.0 °F)
N
Beyrillium
Electron Configuration
Be = 1s22s2
What is Beryllium?
Grey metallic element of group 2 of the periodic table. Is toxic and can cause severe lung diseases and dermatitis. Shows high covalent character. It was isolated independently by F. Wohler and A.A. Bussy in 1828.
5
B
Boron
Name: Boron
Symbol: B
Atomic Number: 5
Atomic Mass: 10.811 amu
Melting Point: 2300.0 °C (2573.15 °K, 4172.0 °F)
Boiling Point: 2550.0 °C (2823.15 °K, 4622.0 °F)
N
Boron
Electron Configuration
B = 1s22s22p1
What is Boron?
An element of group 13 of the periodic table. There are two allotropes, amorphous boron is a brown power, but metallic boron is black. The metallic form is hard (9.3 on Mohs` scale) and a bad conductor in room temperatures. It is never found free in nature. Boron-10 is used in nuclear reactor control rods and shields. It was discovered in 1808 by Sir Humphry Davy and by J.L. Gay-Lussac and L.J. Thenard.
6
C
Carbon
Name: Carbon
Symbol: C
Atomic Number: 6
Atomic Mass: 12.0107 amu
Melting Point: 3500.0 °C (3773.15 °K, 6332.0 °F)
Boiling Point: 4827.0 °C (5100.15 °K, 8720.6 °F)
N
Carbon
Electron Configuration
C = 1s22s22p2
What is Carbon?
Carbon is a member of group 14 of the periodic table. It has three allotropic forms of it, diamonds, graphite and fullerite. Carbon-14 is commonly used in radioactive dating. Carbon occurs in all organic life and is the basis of organic chemistry. Carbon has the interesting chemical property of being able to bond with itself, and a wide variety of other elements.
7
N
Nitrogen
Name: Nitrogen
Symbol: N
Atomic Number: 7
Atomic Mass: 14.00674 amu
Melting Point: -209.9 °C (63.250008 °K, -345.81998 °F)
Boiling Point: -195.8 °C (77.35 °K, -320.44 °F)
N
Nitrogen
Electron Configuration
N = 1s22s22p3
Link
What is Nitrogen?
Colorless, gaseous element which belongs to group 15 of the periodic table. Constitutes ~78% of the atmosphere and is an essential part of the ecosystem. Nitrogen for industrial purposes is acquired by the fractional distillation of liquid air. Chemically inactive, reactive generally only at high temperatures or in electrical discharges. It was discovered in 1772 by D. Rutherford.
8
O
Oxygen
Name: Oxygen
Symbol: O
Atomic Number: 8
Atomic Mass: 15.9994 amu
Melting Point: -218.4 °C (54.75 °K, -361.12 °F)
Boiling Point: -183.0 °C (90.15 °K, -297.4 °F)
N
Oxygen
Electron Configuration
O = 1s22s22p4
What is Oxygen?
A colorless, odorless gaseous element belonging to group 16 of the periodic table. It is the most abundant element present in the earth`s crust. It also makes up 20.8% of the Earth`s atmosphere. For industrial purposes, it is separated from liquid air by fractional distillation. It is used in high temperature welding, and in breathing. It commonly comes in the form of Oxygen, but is found as Ozone in the upper atmosphere. It was discovered by Priestley in 1774.
9
F
Fluorine
Name: Fluorine
Symbol: F
Atomic Number: 9
Atomic Mass: 18.998404 amu
Melting Point: -219.62 °C (53.53 °K, -363.316 °F)
Boiling Point: -188.14 °C (85.01 °K, -306.652 °F)
N
Fluorine
Electron Configuration
F = 1s22s22p5
What is Fluorine?
A poisonous pale yellow gaseous element belonging to group 17 of the periodic table (The halogens). It is the most chemically reactive and electronegative element. It is highly dangerous, causing severe chemical burns on contact with flesh. Fluorine was identified by Scheele in 1771 and first isolated by Moissan in 1886.
Name: Neon
Symbol: Ne
Atomic Number: 10
Atomic Mass: 20.1797 amu
Melting Point: -248.6 °C (24.549994 °K, -415.48 °F)
Boiling Point: -246.1 °C (27.049994 °K, -410.98 °F)
N
Neon
Electron Configuration
Ne = 1s22s22p6
10
Ne
Neon
What is Neon?
Colorless gaseous element of group 18 on the periodic table (noble gases). Neon occurs in the atmosphere, and comprises 0.0018% of the volume of the atmosphere. It has a distinct reddish glow when used in discharge tubes and neon based lamps. It forms almost no chemical compounds. Neon was discovered in 1898 by Sir William Ramsey and M.W. Travers.
Name: Sodium
Symbol: Na
Atomic Number: 11
Atomic Mass: 22.98977 amu
Melting Point: 97.8 °C (370.95 °K, 208.04001 °F)
Boiling Point: 552.9 °C (826.05005 °K, 1027.2201 °F)
N
Sodium
Electron Configuration
Na = 1s22s22p63s1
11
Na
Sodium
What is Sodium?
Soft silvery reactive element belonging to group 1 of the periodic table (alkali metals). It is highly reactive, oxidizing in air and reacting violently with water, forcing it to be kept under oil. It was first isolated by Humphrey Davy in 1807.
Name: Magnesium
Symbol: Mg
Atomic Number: 12
Atomic Mass: 24.305 amu
Melting Point: 650.0 °C (923.15 °K, 1202.0 °F)
Boiling Point: 1107.0 °C (1380.15 °K, 2024.6 °F)
N
Magnesium
Electron Configuration
Mg = 1s22s22p63s2
Link
12
Mg
Magnesium
What is Magnesium?
Silvery metallic element belonging to group 2 of the periodic table (alkaline-earth metals). It is essential for living organisms, and is used in a number of light alloys. Chemically very reactive, it forms a protective oxide coating when exposed to air and burns with an intense white flame. It also reacts with sulphur, nitrogen and the halogens. First isolated by Bussy in 1828.
Name: Aluminum
Symbol: Al
Atomic Number: 13
Atomic Mass: 26.981539 amu
Melting Point: 660.37 °C (933.52 °K, 1220.666 °F)
Boiling Point: 2467.0 °C (2740.15 °K, 4472.6 °F)
N
Aluminum
Electron Configuration
Al = 1s22s22p63s23p1
13
Al
Aluminum
What is Aluminum?
Silvery-white lustrous metallic element of group 3 of the periodic table. Highly reactive but protected by a thin transparent layer of the oxide which quickly forms in air. There are many alloys of aluminum, as well as a good number of industrial uses. Makes up 8.1% of the Earth`s crust, by weight. Isolated in 1825 by H.C. Oersted.
Name: Silicon
Symbol: Si
Atomic Number: 14
Atomic Mass: 28.0855 amu
Melting Point: 1410.0 °C (1683.15 °K, 2570.0 °F)
Boiling Point: 2355.0 °C (2628.15 °K, 4271.0 °F)
N
Silicon
Electron Configuration
Si = 1s22s22p63s23p2
Link
14
Si
Silicon
What is Silicon?
Metalloid element belonging to group 14 of the periodic table. It is the second most abundant element in the Earth`s crust, making up 25.7% of it by weight. Chemically less reactive than carbon. First identified by Lavoisier in 1787 and first isolated in 1823 by Berzelius.
Name: Phosphorus
Symbol: P
Atomic Number: 15
Atomic Mass: 30.97376 amu
Melting Point: 44.1 °C (317.25 °K, 111.38 °F)
Boiling Point: 280.0 °C (553.15 °K, 536.0 °F)
N
Phosphorus
Electron Configuration
P = 1s22s22p63s23p3
15
P
Phosphorus
What is Phosphorus?
Non-metallic element belonging to group 15 of the periodic table. Has a multiple allotropic forms. Essential element for living organisms. It was discovered by Brandt in 1669.
Name: Sulfur
Symbol: S
Atomic Number: 16
Atomic Mass: 32.066 amu
Melting Point: 112.8 °C (385.95 °K, 235.04001 °F)
Boiling Point: 444.6 °C (717.75 °K, 832.28 °F)
N
Sulfur
Electron Configuration
S = 1s22s22p63s23p4
16
S
Sulfur
What is Sulfur?
Yellow, nonmetallic element belonging to group 16 of the periodic table. It is an essential element in living organisms, needed in the amino acids cysteine and methionine, and hence in many proteins. Absorbed by plants from the soil as sulfate ion.
Name: Chlorine
Symbol: Cl
Atomic Number: 17
Atomic Mass: 35.4527 amu
Melting Point: -100.98 °C (172.17 °K, -149.764 °F)
Boiling Point: -34.6 °C (238.55 °K, -30.279997 °F)
N
Chlorine
Electron Configuration
Cl = 1s22s22p63s23p5
17
Cl
Chlorine
What is Chlorine?
Halogen element. Poisonous greenish-yellow gas. Occurs widely in nature as sodium chloride in seawater. Reacts directly with many elements and compounds, strong oxidizing agent. Discovered by Karl Scheele in 1774. Humphrey David confirmed it as an element in 1810.
Name: Argon
Symbol: Ar
Atomic Number: 18
Atomic Mass: 39.948 amu
Melting Point: -189.3 °C (83.85 °K, -308.74 °F)
Boiling Point: -186.0 °C (87.15 °K, -302.8 °F)
N
Argon
Electron Configuration
Ar = 1s22s22p63s23p6
18
Ar
Argon
What is Argon?
Monatomic noble gas. Makes up 0.93% of the air. Colorless, odorless. Is inert and has no true compounds. Lord Rayleigh and Sir William Ramsey identified argon in 1894.
Name: Potassium
Symbol: K
Atomic Number: 19
Atomic Mass: 39.0983 amu
Melting Point: 63.65 °C (336.8 °K, 146.57 °F)
Boiling Point: 774.0 °C (1047.15 °K, 1425.2 °F)
N
Potassium
Electron Configuration
K = 1s22s22p63s23p6
4s1
Link
19
K
Potassium
What is Potassium?
Soft silvery metallic element belonging to group 1 of the periodic table (alkali metals). Occurs naturally in seawater and a many minerals. Highly reactive, chemically, it resembles sodium in its behavior and compounds. Discovered by Sir Humphry Davy in 1807.
Name: Calcium
Symbol: Ca
Atomic Number: 20
Atomic Mass: 40.078 amu
Melting Point: 839.0 °C (1112.15 °K, 1542.2 °F)
Boiling Point: 1484.0 °C (1757.15 °K, 2703.2 °F)
N
Calcium
Electron Configuration
Ca = 1s22s22p63s23p6
4s2
20
Ca
Calcium
What is Calcium?
Soft grey metallic element belonging to group 2 of the periodic table. Used a reducing agent in the extraction of thorium, zirconium and uranium. Essential element for living organisms.
21
Sc
Scandium
Name: Scandium
Symbol: Sc
Atomic Number: 21
Atomic Mass: 44.95591 amu
Melting Point: 1539.0 °C (1812.15 °K, 2802.2 °F)
Boiling Point: 2832.0 °C (3105.15 °K, 5129.6 °F)
N
Scandium
Electron Configuration
Sc = 1s22s22p63s23p6
4s23d1
What is Scandium?
Rare soft silvery metallic element belonging to group 3 of the periodic table. There are ten isotopes, nine of which are radioactive and have short half-lives. Predicted in 1869 by Mendeleev, isolated by Nilson in 1879.
Name: Titanium
Symbol: Ti
Atomic Number: 22
Atomic Mass: 47.867 amu
Melting Point: 1660.0 °C (1933.15 °K, 3020.0 °F)
Boiling Point: 3287.0 °C (3560.15 °K, 5948.6 °F)
N
Titanium
Electron Configuration
Ti = 1s22s22p63s23p6
4s23d2
22
Ti
Titanium
What is Titanium?
White metallic transition element. Occurs in numerous minerals. Used in strong, light corrosion-resistant alloys. Forms a passive oxide coating when exposed to air. First discovered by Gregor in 1789.
Name: Vanadium
Symbol: V
Atomic Number: 23
Atomic Mass: 50.9415 amu
Melting Point: 1890.0 °C (2163.15 °K, 3434.0 °F)
Boiling Point: 3380.0 °C (3653.15 °K, 6116.0 °F)
N
Vanadium
Electron Configuration
V = 1s22s22p63s23p6
4s23d3
23
V
Vanadium
What is Vanadium?
Soft and ductile, bright white metal. Good resistance to corrosion by alkalis, sulphuric and hydrochloric acid. It oxidizes readily about 933K. There are two naturally occurring isotopes of vanadium, and 5 radioisotopes, V-49 having the longest half-life at 337 days. Vanadium has nuclear applications, the foil is used in cladding titanium to steel, and vanadium-gallium tape is used to produce a superconductive magnet. Originally discovered by Andres Manuel del Rio of Mexico City in 1801. His discovery went unheeded, however, and in 1820, Nils Gabriel Sefstron of Sweden rediscovered it. Metallic vanadium was isolated by Henry Enfield Roscoe in 1867. The name vanadium comes from Vanadis, a goddess of Scandinavian mythology. Silvery-white metallic transition element. Vanadium is essential to ascidians. Rats and chickens are also known to require it. Metal powder is a fire hazard, and vanadium compounds should be considered highly toxic. May cause lung cancer if inhaled.
Name: Chromium
Symbol: Cr
Atomic Number: 24
Atomic Mass: 51.9961 amu
Melting Point: 1857.0 °C (2130.15 °K, 3374.6 °F)
Boiling Point: 2672.0 °C (2945.15 °K, 4841.6 °F)
Electron Configuration
Cr = 1s22s22p63s23p6
4s13d5
N
24
Cr
Chromium
Link
What is Chromium?
Hard silvery transition element. Used in decorative electroplating. Discovered in 1797 by Vauquelin.
Name: Manganese
Symbol: Mn
Atomic Number: 25
Atomic Mass: 54.93805 amu
Melting Point: 1245.0 °C (1518.15 °K, 2273.0 °F)
Boiling Point: 1962.0 °C (2235.15 °K, 3563.6 °F)
Electron Configuration
Mn = 1s22s22p63s23p6
4s23d5
N
25
Mn
Manganese
What is Manganese?
Grey brittle metallic transition element. Rather electropositive, combines with some non-metals when heated. Discovered in 1774 by Scheele.
Name: Iron
Symbol: Fe
Atomic Number: 26
Atomic Mass: 55.845 amu
Melting Point: 1535.0 °C (1808.15 °K, 2795.0 °F)
Boiling Point: 2750.0 °C (3023.15 °K, 4982.0 °F)
Electron Configuration
Fe = 1s22s22p63s23p6
4s23d6
N
26
Fe
Iron
What is Iron?
Silvery malleable and ductile metallic transition element. Has nine isotopes and is the fourth most abundant element in the earth`s crust. Required by living organisms as a trace element (used in hemoglobin in humans.) Quite reactive, oxidizes in moist air, displaces hydrogen from dilute acids and combines with nonmetallic elements.
Name: Cobalt
Symbol: Co
Atomic Number: 27
Atomic Mass: 58.9332 amu
Melting Point: 1495.0 °C (1768.15 °K, 2723.0 °F)
Boiling Point: 2870.0 °C (3143.15 °K, 5198.0 °F)
Electron Configuration
Co = 1s22s22p63s23p6
4s23d7
N
27
Co
Cobalt
What is Cobalt?
Light grey transition element. Some meteorites contain small amounts of metallic cobalt. Generally alloyed for use. Mammals require small amounts of cobalt salts. Cobalt-60, an artificially produced radioactive isotope of Cobalt is an important radioactive tracer and cancer-treatment agent. Discovered by G. Brandt in 1737.
Name: Nickel
Symbol: Ni
Atomic Number: 28
Atomic Mass: 58.6934 amu
Melting Point: 1453.0 °C (1726.15 °K, 2647.4 °F)
Boiling Point: 2732.0 °C (3005.15 °K, 4949.6 °F)
Electron Configuration
Ni = 1s22s22p63s23p6
4s23d8
N
28
Ni
Nickel
Link
What is Nickel?
Malleable ductile silvery metallic transition element. Discovered by A.F. Cronstedt in 1751.
Name: Copper
Symbol: Cu
Atomic Number: 29
Atomic Mass: 63.546 amu
Melting Point: 1083.0 °C (1356.15 °K, 1981.4 °F)
Boiling Point: 2567.0 °C (2840.15 °K, 4652.6 °F)
Electron Configuration
Cu = 1s22s22p63s23p6
4s13d10
N
29
Cu
Copper
Link
What is Copper?
Red-brown transition element. Known by the Romans as `cuprum.` Extracted and used for thousands of years. Malleable, ductile and an excellent conductor of heat and electricity. When in moist conditions, a greenish layer forms on the outside.
Name: Zinc
Symbol: Zn
Atomic Number: 30
Atomic Mass: 65.39 amu
Melting Point: 419.58 °C (692.73 °K, 787.24396 °F)
Boiling Point: 907.0 °C (1180.15 °K, 1664.6 °F)
Electron Configuration
Zn = 1s22s22p63s23p6
4s23d10
N
30
Zn
Zinc
What is Zinc?
Blue-white metallic element. Occurs in multiple compounds naturally. Five stable isotopes are six radioactive isotopes have been found. Chemically a reactive metal, combines with oxygen and other non-metals, reacts with dilute acids to release hydrogen.
Name: Gallium
Symbol: Ga
Atomic Number: 31
Atomic Mass: 69.723 amu
Melting Point: 29.78 °C (302.93 °K, 85.604004 °F)
Boiling Point: 2403.0 °C (2676.15 °K, 4357.4 °F)
N
Electron Configuration
Ga = 1s22s22p63s23p6
4s23d104p1
31
Ga
Gallium
What is Gallium?
Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to group 13 of the periodic table. The two stable isotopes are Ga-69 and Ga-71. Eight radioactive isotopes are known, all having short half-lives. Gallium Arsenide is used as a semiconductor. Corrodes most other metals by diffusing into their lattice. First identified by Francois Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875.
Name: Germanium
Symbol: Ge
Atomic Number: 32
Atomic Mass: 72.61 amu
Melting Point: 937.4 °C (1210.55 °K, 1719.3201 °F)
Boiling Point: 2830.0 °C (3103.15 °K, 5126.0 °F)
N
Electron Configuration
Ge = 1s22s22p63s23p6
4s23d104p2
32
Ge
Germanium
What is Germanium?
Lustrous hard metalloid element, belongs to group 14 of the periodic table. Forms a large number of organometallic compounds. Predicted by Mendeleev in 1871, it was actually found in 1886 by Winkler.
Name: Arsenic
Symbol: As
Atomic Number: 33
Atomic Mass: 74.9216 amu
Melting Point: 817.0 °C (1090.15 °K, 1502.6 °F)
Boiling Point: 613.0 °C (886.15 °K, 1135.4 °F)
Electron Configuration
As = 1s22s22p63s23p6
4s23d104p3
N
33
As
Arsenic
What is Arsenic?
Metalloid element of group 15. There are three allotropes, yellow, black, and grey. Reacts with halogens, concentrated oxidizing acids and hot alkalis. Albertus Magnus is believed to have been the first to isolate the element in 1250.
Name: Selenium
Symbol: Se
Atomic Number: 34
Atomic Mass: 78.96 amu
Melting Point: 217.0 °C (490.15 °K, 422.6 °F)
Boiling Point: 684.9 °C (958.05005 °K, 1264.8201 °F)
Electron Configuration
Se = 1s22s22p63s23p6
4s23d104p4
N
34
Se
Selenium
What is Selenium?
Metalloid element, belongs to group 16 of the periodic table. Multiple allotropic forms exist. Chemically resembles sulfur. Discovered in 1817 by Jons J. Berzelius.
Name: Bromine
Symbol: Br
Atomic Number: 35
Atomic Mass: 79.904 amu
Melting Point: -7.2 °C (265.95 °K, 19.04 °F)
Boiling Point: 58.78 °C (331.93 °K, 137.804 °F)
Electron Configuration
Br = 1s22s22p63s23p6
4s23d104p5
N
35
Br
Bromine
What is Bromine?
Halogen element. Red volatile liquid at room temperature. Its reactivity is somewhere between chlorine and iodine. Harmful to human tissue in a liquid state, the vapor irritates eyes and throat. Discovered in 1826 by Antoine Balard.
Name: Kr
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