An toan sinh hoc

Subject 3

Biological Waste Management
HV: NGUYỄN HOÀNG MỸ
LỚP: CNSH 2007
Not only must care be taken when working with biological agents (viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites etc), but also when managing the resulting waste.
How the waste is treated depends upon the characteristics of the waste (solid, liquid, mix) and the associated risk of the biological agent.
Treatment for decontamination: chemical agents (bleach, ethanol, etc ), or physical means (autoclaving, incineration, etc.).
WASTE MANAGEMENT
There are a number of concepts about waste management which vary in their usage between countries or regions. Some of the most general, widely-used concepts include:
Waste hierarchy (phân cấp)
Extended producer responsibility (tăng trách nhiệm cho sản phẩm)
Polluter pays principle (quy định trả cho phí ô nhiễm)
Waste hierarchy (phân cấp)
Refers to the "3 Rs" reduce, reuse and recycle, which classify waste management strategies according to their desirability in terms of waste minimization.
The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the maximum practical benefits from products and to generate the minimum amount of waste.
Extended producer responsibility
(gia tăng trách nhiệm sản xuất)
Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) is a strategy designed to promote the integration of all costs associated with products throughout their life cycle (including end-of-life disposal costs) into the market price of the product.
EPR is meant to impose accountability over the entire lifecycle of products and packaging introduced to the market. This means that firms which manufacture, import and/or sell products are required to be responsible for the products after their useful life as well as during manufacture.
Polluter pays principle
(qui định phí ô nhiễm)
The Polluter Pays Principle is a principle where the polluting party pays for the impact caused to the environment.
With respect to waste management, this generally refers to the requirement for a waste generator to pay for appropriate disposal of the waste.
BIOLOGICAL WASTE
1. Infectious Waste- Cultures, stocks of infectious agents and associated biological, including but not limited to:

• Regulated medical waste

• Specimens from medical, pathology and research laboratories

• Disposable culture dishes

• Devices used to transfer, inoculate, and mix cultures

• Wastes from the production of biological

• Discarded live and attenuated vaccine
BIOLOGICAL WASTE
2. Pathological Waste- Human blood, blood products, tissue, organs and body fluids that are removed during surgery, autopsy or other teaching or research procedures including specimens and their containers.
BIOLOGICAL WASTE
3. All sharps (contaminated and uncontaminated) such as:

• Needles and syringes

• Scalpels, razors and microtome blades

• Pasteur pipettes

• Transfer pipette tips

• Dental wire

• Slides and cover slips

• Contaminated broken glass

• Any object that is capable of penetrating the skin

BIOLOGICAL WASTE
4. Animal carcasses, body parts, and bedding from animals exposed to pathogens in research.

5. Other laboratory waste including but not limited to:
• Specimen containers
• Disposable gloves, lab coats, masks and aprons
• Disposable pipettes
• All cell culture materials
• All microorganisms constructed using recombinant DNA
• All materials that have been sterilized and are in red bag and/or any other bag /container with biohazard label/symbol.
• Materials from spill clean ups

WASTE MANAGEMENT
BIOLOGICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
A) Liquids containing Biohazardous Agents
Collect liquids in leak-proof containers such as flasks or bottles.
Liquid waste containers designed to withstand autoclaving temperatures must be used when steam sterilization is utilized.
To allow pressure equalization, they should not be sealed.

BIOLOGICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
B) Solids Containing Biohazardous Agents
Non-sharp, solid laboratory waste (empty plastic cell culture flasks and petri dishes, empty plastic tubes, gloves, wrappers, absorbent tissues, etc.) contaminated with viable biological agents should be collected in autoclavable bags.  These plastic bags display the biohazard warning symbol and are available from Stores in the Medical Sciences Building.
BIOLOGICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
For laboratories generating large volumes of agar gel in disposable petri dishes and tubes requiring sterilization, such waste should be collected in a white plastic 20 litre pail in the laboratory.
Autoclavable bags filled with plasticware containing agar gel tend to leak fluids during and after the sterilization process. The pail will contain the liquids released by the agar gel. After autoclaving and cooling, the pail must be placed beside other waste awaiting removal by service workers.
BIOLOGICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
c) Sterilization and Disinfection
Inactivate the biological agents by employing either chemical disinfection or steam sterilization procedures.
Autoclaving (steam sterilization) is the preferred (and generally regarded as the most reliable) method of sterilizing biological waste.
BIOLOGICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
Depending on the volume of waste to be sterilized, it may be necessary to extend the duration of exposure to high temperature steam under pressure.
Containers of liquid waste must be placed into an autoclavable tray or pan of sufficient capacity to contain all liquid in the event of vessel failure or breakage inside the autoclave chamber. Use extreme caution when handling autoclaved liquids since they are hot and may boil over.
BIOLOGICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
Autoclavable bags of solid waste should be closed but not sealed airtight to allow steam penetration before they are placed into the autoclave chamber. After autoclaving andcooling, these bags of autoclaved waste must be placed into a black plastic garbage bag.
LABELLING

No specific labelling is required. Service workers will remove unlabelled black garbage bags.
 
Service workers have been instructed to not remove bags of waste displaying the biohazard warning symbol and to not remove bags of solid waste containing glass or sharp objects.

Storage/Disposal

Following steam sterilization or chemical disinfection, innocuous liquids may be disposed of via the laboratory drainage system. Flush with sufficient clean water to purge the drain immediately after disposal of all liquids.

Hazardous chemicals and radioisotopes must not be disposed of in this manner!

Do not pour melted agar into sink or floor drains. Allow it to cool and solidify for disposal as a solid waste.

Service workers will remove black garbage bags containing sterilized solid waste and pails containing treated agar gel.

PRECAUTION


1. Universal Precaution must be utilized when handling any biological waste.

2. Waste must be segregated at the point of origin by the generator.

3. Biological Waste
All biological waste from Biological Safety Level (BSL) 2or above must be decontaminated prior to disposal.
b. The container ( box, canister, etc) that are used for collection of solid materials contaminated with biological material, excluding sharps or broken/unbroken glassware, must have easily recognizable and visible approved label.
PRECAUTION

c. The bag containing biological waste must also have easily recognizable and visible approved label.

d. Liquid biological waste can be decontaminated by adding an effective liquid disinfectant such as 10% sodium hypochlorite (household bleach) or an iodophor prior to pouring down into a sink.

e. Autoclaving liquid biological waste may cause hazardous situations (explosion, fire, released of toxic gas, etc) due to interaction of autoclave parameters (heat, pressure, etc) with chemicals in the waste.

f. Items such as collection tray that contained bleach solution can be autoclaved by adding sodium thiosulfate or similar chemicals to prevent the release of chlorine gas.

PRECAUTION

4. Disposal of Human Blood, Blood Products and Body Fluids
a. Human blood, blood products and body fluids greater than 500 ml must be solidified with a product such as Isolyzer and placed in an appropriate labeled container for easy handling.

b. Amounts less than 500 ml may be disinfected with a bleach solution (1:10 final dilution) prior to pouring down into a sewer system. Proper care and PPE must be utilized to prevent splashing.

c. Discard disposable items contaminated with human blood or body fluids (excluding sharps and glassware) in an appropriate labeled container.
PRECAUTION
6. Disposal of Sharps and Disposable Glassware

a. Discard all needles, needle and syringe units, scalpels and razor blades, whether contaminated or not, directly into rigid, red, labeled sharps containers. Do not recap, bend, remove or clip needles. Do not overfill the sharps containers. Arrange for pick up when the container is 3/4th full.

b. Uncontaminated Pasteur pipets and broken or unbroken glassware are discarded into containers specifically designed for broken glass disposal, or into heavy duty cardboard boxes that are sealable.

THANKS!!!